Conclusions and Outlook. In our study we developed a reliable method based on FIM coupled with CNN for detection, characterization and quantification of relevant particulate impurities, specifically Dynabeads. We showed that small amounts of Dynabeads can be detected in cell suspensions and a high precision in counting is achieved if the bead concentration is above the determined LOQ. Moreover, cells and cellular impurities, such as cell aggregates and adducts, can be easily classified by using CNN. Quantification of these particles can assist in monitoring manufacturing processes of CBMPs and assist in process and product characterization, such as stability testing. Further work is being carried out to enhance the capabilities of the method for other cell lines, the identification of multiple beads adhering to cells, as well as to characterize other populations of particulates potentially present in CBMPs, such as leachables, extractables and beads used as carriers for the ex vivo expansion of adherent cells. In addition, further evaluation of the presented method by using orthogonal methods could endorse the results obtained from the currently opaque processing algorithm, such as CNN36. This would increase confidence and understanding of FlowCam-CNN, presumably supporting in-process and quality control analyses at first, and potentially becoming a critical release test. Currently, we are not aware of other methods with similar performance and we believe that CBMP development can benefit from FlowCam-CNN in its current state. Particulates impurities in CBMPs traced by FIM-CNN References:
Conclusions and Outlook. In this paper, we presented how privacy control can be extended in a substantial manner toward holistic privacy management, with the collaboration of personal privacy and enterprise privacy enforcement. We introduced the notion of binding agreements for each privacy-related resource. An agreement is an XML document holding a set of obligations selected by a user. Those selected obligations need to be accepted by a third-party service before a granted permission is given to access the resource. Obligations describe the rights and requirements for processing, storing or deleting data that the recipient of a user's resource must enforce. In order to avoid situations where obligations may not be accepted by a service and lead to simple denial of service, we developed a well-defined negotiation protocol for trying to find an agreement based on different classes of obligations such as optimum, acceptable and minimum type. An obligation in the UCPF is defined as an event-action-notification entity, instead of a mere event-action. It follows that the enforcement of an obligation by the enterprise privacy system, activates the exchange of notifications. We concluded that just using agreements on a set of obligations is not far- reaching enough and introduced notifications to enable obligation tracking and with that the monitoring of the fulfillment of agreements and the usage of disclosed data after releasing it. In this paper, we showed that this is an easy but effective way to enable trust between the client and the service. We also presented the first prototype of the “Obligation” application, a user interface created to be managed by non-expert users, and used to add new obligations sets to be negotiated with a registered service. Our future work includes applying our framework to privacy-sensitive applications in the context of patient-monitoring and -supervision, as being found in integrated hospital IT landscapes. There we are about to start work in the context of the ITEA2 project AIMES[21].
Conclusions and Outlook. In this paper, we have tried to systematically link a number of very basic properties of countries to the likelihood of them taking up different types of policy inno- vations from abroad. More particularly, we have argued that new ideas, principles and goals impinge first and foremost on national culture. Therefore, countries that share important aspects of their cultural foundations might be expected to more quickly adopt similar ideas, principles and goals than countries that are culturally less close to each other. As a proxy for the aspects of cultural affinity between countries relevant for environmental policy, we proposed religion. Likewise, it was claimed that new policy instruments primarily have organizational conse- quences, rendering institutional factors crucial for their adoption. Thus, countries with a similar governance orientation were hypothesized to share preferences for the same types of instruments. The precise setting of the instruments, finally, was considered to be a matter primarily of socio-economic patterns. Countries with comparable levels of economic development were therefore expected to adopt roughly similar levels of environmental protection. Table 1 Clustering of countries on the basis of cultural, institutional and economic indicators* Countries12 BG BE DK DE EL ES FR IE IT HU NL AT PL PT RO SK FI SE UK CH JP MX NO US Culture (indicator: religion) Protestant Other + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Institutions (indicator: public/ private relations)13 Neo-corporatist Liberal Statist + + + + + + + + + +? + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Economy (indicator: GDP per capita (PPP US $))14 Above Moderate Below + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + *Explanation and sources: see text. 812 Journal of European Public Policy This analysis is a simplification of reality in at least two ways. First, the adoption of, for instance, new ideas can of course in practice never be only dependent upon cultural factors. As pointed out, all three basic factors must be supposed to play an interrelated role in the uptake of all types of policy inno- vations. Nevertheless, we do think to have made plausible that for the adoption of each type of policy innovation (idea, instrument or setting), one basic dom- estic factor (culture, institutions or economy) is generally more important than the other two. Second, policy innovations in practice hardly ever consist of new ideas, new instruments or new standards exclusively. Most often, ...
Conclusions and Outlook of approximately 2 to 10 Gy to the tumor in a single fraction, at the dose rates simulated here the treatment time is 10 to 50 minutes. While this is not unreasonable the irradiated volume is a small 0.7 × 10 mm cylinder whereas typical target volumes might require a 10 × 10 × 10 cm3 volume. At the current dose rate the time would be prohibitively long if the spot were scanned over this volume, and the skin sparing effect would be reduced. However, the technology is attractive since such a device could be a cost-effective option for treatment tumors particularly where sharp gradients in dose distribution is needed. Given the dose rate and geometry constraints this might be better suited to smaller tar- get regions < 10 cm deep in tissue. Also, with the increasing use of MRI machines, it is predicted that tumors will be detected at earlier stages in the future, which would make such a tool well suited to treat them. Finally, the work presented in Chapter 4 can be extrapolated to X- and gamma-ray astronomy[13, 14], a field that could also benefit from SiLC. For example, hard X-ray as- tronomy in the energy range up to 200 keV is currently limited by the low signal to noise ratio above ∼78 keV, at which point the effective area afforded by the current generation multilayer mirrors decreases quickly[15], while the background does not. Xxxx lenses use Xxxxx diffraction to concentrate gamma-rays and therefore decouple the collecting area and the detector volume leading to an increase in sensitivity. Furthermore, many areas of astrophysics would, benefit significantly from new observational constraints in the 78 - 200 keV range. Polarization measurements combined with timing capabilities could distinguish between competing models for pulsar magnetospheres; the emission mechanisms in the jets of microquasars and AGN could be distinguished (synchrotron or inverse Xxxxxxx); Also, the regions of strong gravitational fields near black holes where high-energy emission is produced could be studied. Ultimately, the silicon pore optics technology is a maturing solution for high-energy optical systems. With further advances, this technology can enable more applications that require imaging and focusing of high-energy radiation. References 71 References
Conclusions and Outlook. This study reflects, unequivocally in the clear response of the interviewees, the story of how Ostend port, in a period of a mere decade, has become the established basis and centre of the Belgian offshore wind industry. It represents a clear case of the “Rise and Fall of Ports” as recognised by Xxxxxxxx.96 Some specific conclusions are: Starting from virtually nothing, Ostend has become a thriving offshore port and base for the growing Belgian offshore wind industry; Most offshore wind key industries and other actors are established; Strong clustering effects are evident across the offshore wind value chain and are felt by participants as far outweighing potential competitiveness risks; The success is due to sustained long term commitment by the public and private sectors working together, inside the Port “REBO” and otherwise; Experience transfer to other ports should be productive if the competitive situation of each player is taken carefully into account. As of May 2017, there are 45 companies located in the “offshore village” inside the Port and REBO base, more than 370 permanent jobs at high levels of professional standards. These are permanent jobs, additional construction jobs fluctuate with industry activity – numbers of 15.000 or more are mentioned.97 The Ostend business cluster (which could be precisely but pedantically termed a “sub- cluster” of the maritime cluster in the sense of Belgian official statistics) comprises c.30 international companies and 15 “local” companies, current trends showing more growth in the latter. The supply chain is well represented although some parts of it have one or two companies present whereas several more are active in the business as a whole. Strengthening is on-going, but there are prospects for continued growth are uncertain as the effect of recent very dramatic cost reductions for future offshore wind sinks in. Ostend is well placed for an export scenario. As described by Xxxxxx,98the growth of the cluster has demonstrated that each project is different with its own challenges. The evolution of the quality and design of offshore components within the past decade has been enormous. Experience teaches that “every sea has its characteristics: what counts for the Belgian waters, does not work in Danish waters.” 96Charlier 2005, PIANC Seminar on life cycle approach in port infrastructure, reducing financial risks and achieving cost savings”, Brussels Belgium February 2, 2005; Xxxxxxxx 2013, “Life cycle ...
Conclusions and Outlook. The work towards developing the sustainability plan will build on the information provided in the project workplan. The following process will progressively populate and develop the plan as the project progresses:
Conclusions and Outlook. In this thesis, we have presented the analysis of the half-metallicity of a new series of Co-based alloys with B2 disordering, CoFexMn0.5−xGaySi0.5−y (0 < x < 0.5, 0 < y < 0.5). The 5-components alloys were investigated using ab initio calcula- tions, where techniques were developed to extract the half-metallic properties from their DOS and BSF. In Chapter 4 we presented the first set of analyses using the DOS. The first method developed involves finding a spin down band gap through calculating the number of states around the Fermi level. The second method de- veloped calculates the spin up-spin down difference at the Fermi level. These two methods at no stage assumes the accuracy of the DOS calculation. In fact, both methods were developed to only give a general overview of the correlation between the concentrations and the half-metallicity. Exact calculation of the band gap size and the spin polarisation were not used, therefore problems such as the band gap problem introduced by the LDA can be avoided. The analyses of the DOS alone show that the alloys with low concentrations of both Fe and Ga can be potential candidates for HM. Moreover, the half-metallicity drop more rapidly for the increase of Fe concentration compared to the increase of Ga concentration. Another 2 methods of quantifying the half-metallicity from BSF were devel- oped, which is outlined in Chapter 5. These two methods involves in finding the Fermi velocity and the mean free path from slices of the BSF at the Fermi level. As both quantities require much cunning to calculate accurately, simplification of the BSF was needed. The Fermi velocity calculations show the limitations of the simplification, where the correlation is not well defined. Due to this problem, the Fermi velocity calculations were not considered further. Although, the mean free path calculations show a better correlation, the correlation seems to be inconsistent with the band gap analysis, where the increase of Fe concentration should have destroyed the band gap, thus increasing the mean free path, as its opposite in our case. Nevertheless, in Chapter 6 we have combined the calculations from the DOS analysis and the mean free path calculations to conclude that it is most desirable to have low concentrations of Fe and Ga for spintronics applications. This is indirectly supported by the experimental work done by Xxxxxxxxxx et al. [10]. The use of the LDA for the exchange correlation functional is because it is fast and th...
Conclusions and Outlook. The proposed use of genetic sequence and event stratigraphical procedures, supplementary to the traditional climatostratigraphy, brings about a better understanding of the stratigraphy of the ter- restrial Middle Pleistocene sequences. Regional schemes have been proposed herein for the Northwest and Central European type areas. These schemes have been developed by integration of the multidisciplinary stratigraphical evidence into local and re- gional scale units recognised and defined on the basis of bounding unconformities and depositional environment. This informal sub- division of genetic sequence units provides tools for interregional correlation of the wide-spread glacial and periglacial subaerial se- quences. With the help of a set of interregionally significant ‘bio’- and ‘chrono’-markers from the often localised intermediate units, a preliminary chronostratigraphical framework has been compiled. Subsequent interpretation of different type events, with reference to spatial and temporal scale as a basis for correlation, brings about a better understanding of the climatic and environmental history of the Middle Pleistocene. Relating the event-stratigraphical frame- work for Northwest and Central Europe with the marine isotope stratigraphy offers possibilities for refining the relative chronolo- gy. At least for the late Middle Pleistocene, the terrestrial equiva- xxxxx of the 4th order glacial-interglacial depositional cycles can be equated fairly accurately to the MIS. With regard to the chronos- tratigraphical positions of the classical Northwest European pal- aeoclimatic stages of the Middle Pleistocene, one of the intentions of this thesis, it is concluded that: - The Saalian Stage comprises the Fennoscandian, British and Al- pine glaciations of cycle C, corresponding to MIS 6, and evi- dence for two more glacial-interglacial cycles, MIS 10-9 and 8-7 respectively, - The Holsteinian Stage can be assigned to MIS 11, - The Elsterian Stage can be equated with MIS12, - The ‘Cromerian Complex’ Stage comprises the Xxxxxx xxxxxx- tion of cycle H in eastern Europe which corresponds to MIS 16. The positions of the Cromerian warm substages8 are difficult to correlate with the marine sequence because of the fragmentary nature of its record. The marine isotope stratigraphy cannot be defined as the yardstick for the terrestrial chronostratigraphy, it only forms a reference for the timing of the terrestrial climatic stages and events. The time- transgressive bou...
Conclusions and Outlook. This report has first presented a newly developed model for a techno-economic evaluation (TEE) of biorefinery processes in a situation of limited data availability (for example no data for sizing of the equipment). The starting point of the analysis was the estimation of the capital expenditures (CAPEX) based on the calculated rated power of all equipments of the whole plant. Applied to the dataset that formed the basis for the sustainability assessment in the BIOCORE project, this model has proved to achieve reasonably good and coherent results. The analysis covered four main scenarios and thirteen variations of these, including sub-scenarios that simulated standard, favourable and less favourable process conditions. The four main scenarios produce as their main products itaconic acid, xylitol and lignin (scenario Xyl/IA), xylitol, ethanol and lignin (scenario Xyl/Eth), ethanol, itaconic acid and lignin (scenario Eth/IA) and ethanol through separate hydrolysis and fermentation and lignin (scenario SHF Eth). The last one of these main scenarios is also currently developed by the French company CIMV, so that it was possible to compare the modelling results with the economics as projected by CIMV. The modelling results were reasonably close the calculations by CIMV and where deviations were found it was possible to find good reasons to explain these. The newly developed, coarse model provides therefore, given the limited available data, satisfactory results. According to the results of our analysis, in the standard scenarios (which were defined based on experts' input regarding the most plausible technological performance in 2025), only a few of the biorefinery schemes based on straw are able to generate profits. Moving from straw to woody feedstock improves the picture (see below). However, none of these scenarios are able to achieve the target of an internal rate of return of 25%, which is the standard threshold usually considered necessary to attract capital investment in the Chemical Industry. However, a few of theses biorefinery schemes could pass over this treshhold either under more favourable process conditions or with moderate subsidy levels. Also if customers turn out to be willing to pay GreenPremiums on selected products, the profitability target could be achieved for some of the schemes. For those scenarios with moderate subsidy levels needed, these lie below 20% output price support in selected cases, which is well below the current support for...
Conclusions and Outlook. In contrast to classic investment protection agreements, which regulate the post-investment phase, the agreement initially concerns the phase preparing and initaiting the business investment, in other words the market access phase. The protection of investments in the post-investment phase (see item 7 above) is reserved for a supplemental agreement yet to be negotiated. From the point of view of European companies, issues such as product piracy, public procurement and state subsidies are not or only partially covered by the current agreement. From the point of view of European companies, the planned regulations on market access can rightly be described as far-reaching in terms of their content. In terms of their legally binding character, they are more like trade policy guidelines. With respect to enforcing the claims under the CAI an agreement still needs to be reached regarding the protection of investor’s rights against the host country of the investment. Since the text of the CAI is not yet available, any assessment of the CAI is currently only preliminary. Until the CAI is signed and subsequently ratified by both parties, it is not binding. This will certainly take at least another year. In any case, Europe gains a lot having agreed to the CAI: The CAI offers considerable concessions by the Chinese side. The market opening provided for in the CAI had already been available to Chinese companies in Europe. In practice, until an agreement is reached on a settlement of differences related to the agreement (investment protection, see above item 7), the monitoring mechanism takes place at the political level. From the point of view of European companies, it may also be important to consider how their trade with China may affect their U.S. business: After all, business deals with Chinese companies can violate U.S. sanctions against China. As the case of the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline shows, U.S. authorities may enforce trade restrictions – although they are primarily imposed upon U.S. companies – against foreign companies as well, in the form of a so-called extraterritorial application. At the present stage the far reaching and fundamental provisions of the CAI can be best applied in practice by the political institutions, the trade and business associations and the individual business enterprises relying and invoking the really far reaching provisions in their business dealings and other forms of exchange with their counterparts in China. The CAI sets forth...
