Future Research. In my studies, attackers were in an advantaged position and therefore benefited more than defenders from the peaceful alternatives to conflict that were provided. Further experimental research could therefore examine ways in which to alleviate conflict while archiving more equitable outcomes. In chapter 4, I show that carrying capacity stress can lead to a break-down in in-group cooperation on a productive club good and a (partial) switch to out-group aggression. The interaction between environmental and economic conditions, within-group dynamics, and intergroup cooperation and competition is an understudied area, and experimental researchers have only begun to explore it. For example, it has been suggested that economic threat and turmoil gives rise to authoritarian leadership structures (e.g., Xxxxxx, 2017). Further research could explore if and how uncertain economic conditions affect support for leadership institutions, and if, in turn, such institutions might increase outgroup aggression. In a similar vein, researchers could explore the use of punishment if club good returns turn (un-)certain. It would be interesting to investigate whether groups under (un-)certainty would increase punishment not only to prevent free-riding, but also, depending on the condition, to curb club good contributions vs outgroup aggression. Economic games abstract from specific contextual details of a situation and attempt to model the critical features of the phenomena under question, hoping to achieve a generalized understanding. Economic experiments are also limited, however, by using such an artificial and stylized environment. De Dreu et al. (2016, 2022) show that conflict dynamics found in the experimental study of the AD-C extend to other data such as corporate takeovers and
Future Research. Based on the lessons learned from this study, the research team suggests the following areas for future research: • To better understand the spatial and temporal dynamics of transit demand, there is a need to capture and monitor the trends and impacts on the transit system. This is needed to address issues like the growing and aging of the population, the increasing congestion, and the rapidly evolving technologies and mobility services. • Most transit agencies in the U.S. collect data from the electronic farebox and other transit ITS systems. However, there is a lack of effective tools or mechanisms that allow for the extraction and efficient use of data and information, so this is an area that needs particular attention. • The development of sophisticated techniques is key for taking full advantage of the available data. More research studies are needed on how to effectively manage and utilize large amounts of data and how that can be used by transit agencies and decision-makers. The development of new techniques or the technology transfer of previous research can benefit not only transit agencies, but also the whole transportation sector. • More work is needed to identify the role of Transit ITS vendors and software developers in the development of systems and tools for the transit industry. Perhaps, government agencies and decision makers need to look at the possibility of encouraging vendors and developers to create technological systems that combine ITS data with other datasets such demographic data, parcel data, census data, and other related datasets that can be used by transportation and transit agencies. This can help improve transit service efficiencies that can promote the use of public transportation. Table of Contents DISCLAIMER ii METRIC CONVERSION CHART iii TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vi Table of Contents xii List of Tables xiv List of Figures xv List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xvii
Future Research. The findings in Chapter 2 on the open versus closed innovation contradiction in collaborations of heterogeneous actors suggests several avenues for future research. First, future open innovation research should focus on doing longitudinal process studies (Xxxxxxx, 1999). Especially in more digitally-mediated settings studying longitudinal dynamics of opening and closing is feasible given changes can be tracked through digital traces (Kallinikos, Aaltonen, & Xxxxxx, 2013). Second, we encourage open innovation scholars to connect to platform research and study open innovation through system architectures. Third, future research should push towards making open innovation a dynamic and two-dimensional construct. To ease this transition scholars can build on the insights from contradictions literature (Xxxxxx et al., 2016), which provides several perspectives (e.g. dualism and duality) that can serve different types of open innovation research including further work on open innovation as paradox (Dragsdahl Xxxxxxxxx & Karafyllia, 2018). Fourth, our study shows that collaborative innovation is challenging especially in settings having open knowledge flows and open system architectures. We used this as an argument for studying contradictions as well as for collaborations between heterogeneous actors, and encourage future research to extend this further. Implications contradiction 2: Centralized versus decentralized control Chapter 3 contributes to literature on interorganizational collaboration (Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxxxxxx, & Xxxxxxxxxx, 2012b; Xxxxxxxxx, Jarvenpaa, & Xxxxxxxxxxx, 2015), in particular to the emergent stream of research on distributed collaborations (Xxxx & Xxxxxxx, 2014; Xxxxxx et al., 2012a; Xxxxxxxxxx, Xxxxx, & Xxxxxxxxxxx, 2014) between heterogeneous actors (Xxxxxxxxx et al., 2012; Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxx, & Xxxxx, 2018), and has implications for research on digital infrastructures and platforms (Xxxxxxxxxxxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 2015; Xxxxxxxxxxxxxx et al., 2018). The first contribution of our study is that we introduce the concept of micro-alliances to interorganizational collaboration literature. We show that a seemingly integrated interorganizational collaboration can involve multiple embedded micro-alliances that consist of organizations with heterogeneous understandings, perspectives, and interests. Micro-alliances have the fluidity to emerge and dissolve where necessary, and thereby can split up and unite actors where possible. The distinction betwe...
Future Research. A review of the role of fathers in the development and treatment of child emotional disorders found that fathers have a significant and distinctive role to play in children’s mental health (Xxxxxx & Xxxxxx, 2008). As few fathers participated, a comparison of mothers’ and fathers’ responses was unavailable; however an examination of paternal and maternal perspectives is important for future studies. The proposed model assumes that the way in which parents speak about their child in the FMSS reflects their interactions with the child on a day-to-day basis. This assumption is also reflected in clinical settings; Xxxxx et al. (2002) found that parent criticism (as measured using the CFI) was associated with independent ratings of perceived parent maltreatment potential by clinicians. Support for the association between daily interactions and EE ratings is supported in the literature. XxXxxxxx and colleagues (2004) found that criticism, but not EOI, was related to observed parent-child interactions. It should be noted that this is not necessarily always the case however (Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxx, Xxxxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 1995), and future research is needed to test the extent to which EE relates to actual parenting behaviour and aspects of the parent-child relationship. The current results, and evidence from previous literature, indicates that parental appraisals of the problem as threatening, parent mood and high EE are inter-related variables that have the potential to make a meaningful impact on our knowledge and treatment of parenting problems and child difficulties. Prospective or experimental designs are required to determine the relationship between EE in the parent-child dyad and parent psychosocial aspects. The Cognitive Model of Caregiving proposes that cognitive and affective changes will occur as a result of caring (Xxxxxxx et al., 2010), however the current data do not exclude the possibility that parents had pre-existing affective disturbance. Pre-existing mood difficulties have been shown to increase parental burden of caregiving (Xxxxxx et al., 1998). Causal relationships could be investigated through longitudinal, prospective designs in non-clinical samples. For example, prospective research designs are needed to test the impact of pre-existing parental affective disturbance on the subsequent development of child difficulties, parent parents’ use of less adaptive coping responses, threatening problem appraisals and available social support. Future...
Future Research. 9.1 THEROX and WSU mutually acknowledge that, from time to time, THEROX may seek to engage in research activities wherein the collaboration of WSU faculty and staff and access to facilities and equipment owned by WSU will be desired and appropriate. THEROX and WSU mutually agree that all such cooperative research shall be undertaken on the basis of research grants and contracts the terms of which are to be negotiated in good faith by employees of both parties having the authorization of their respective organizations to engage in such activities such that there be no conflict of interest. Such contracts shall provide that to the extent any future inventions or developments are made as a result of activity funded by THEROX which relate to the MEDICAL GAS DELIVERY FIELD OF USE, that they shall be subject to the grants of license under this Agreement for so long as this Agreement remains in force.
Future Research. Additional analyses would contribute to this research and the greater public health implications. This analysis examined whether the single maximal density of parasitemia experienced by a participant was associated with the health outcomes. However, this does not allow the maximal use of the available longitudinal data. Additional analyses could explore whether the number of episodes of malaria affected outcomes and the effect of each episode of parasitemia experienced by the participant. For outcomes such as severe malaria and severe anemia which could have occurred multiple times throughout the course of follow-up, these analyses could assess incidence, rather than occurrence of outcomes. Such longitudinal analysis would provide more detailed information on the association between parasitemia and outcomes than is presented here. This research examined stunting, underweight, and wasting as health outcomes. However, literature shows that these conditions can influence the manifestation and severity of malaria as well (Fillol et al., 2009; Xxxxxxx et al., 2004; Xxxxxx & Ali, 2015). Thus, although this research controlled for baseline the measures, future research could assess the influence of stunting, underweight, and wasting as predictors for death, severe anemia, and severe malaria. In addition, the trial collected measures on other health outcomes, such as neurological outcomes, pneumonia, sepsis, and gastroenteritis, that could be assessed for association with parasitemia or the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine. Finally, a replication of the analyses of the outcomes and predictors included in this research on the data from all 11 sites in the RTS,S/AS01E trial would increase both the power and the generalizability of the results. REFERENCES Annez, N., Xxxxxx, X. X., Beauport, D., Xxxxx, J., Demoitié, M. A., Xxxxxx, M. C…Vigneron, L. (2008). Efficacy of GSK Biologicals’ candidate malaria vaccine (257049) against malaria disease caused by P. falciparum infection in infants and children in Africa. Clinical Trials. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from xxxxx://xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.xxx/show/NCT00866619 Xxxxxx, M. A., Benzecry, S. G., Siqueira, A. M., Vitor-Xxxxx, X. Xxxx, G. C., Monterio, W. M…Alecrim, M. G. C. (2015). The association between nutritional status and malaria in children from a rural community in the Amazonian region: A longitudinal study. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 9(4). Retrieved from xxxx://xxxxxxxx.xxxx.xxx/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/...
Future Research. An interesting area for future research is to extend Forcer to five loops. Most parts of the program are easily extended, since the predominantly automatic construction of the program is not limited to four loops. We have even computed 30% of the diagrams of the five-loop gluon propagator using the five-loop Forcer. The challenge is that over 200 topologies have an unknown reduction scheme. If the heuristics for deriving reduction schemes can be extended and fully automated, a full five-loop Forcer can be constructed shortly after. The idea is quite challenging: the number of parameters that have to be reduced grows from 14 at four loops to 20 at five loops.
Future Research. As stated earlier, the research in Belgium on pork barrel politics is very scarce. This master’s thesis aims to give a global insight in the research question, which could be used as a starting point for further research. This could be done by expanding the analysed time period to remark changes over time. Moreover, the master’s thesis only focuses on the regional government, the Flemish government, while the impact of partisan representation could also be studied on a national level 7 REFERENCES Xxxx, T.S., & Xxxxxx, X. (2012). Distributive politics and electoral incentives: Evidence from Seven US State legislatures. American Economic Journal: Economy Policy, 4, 1- 29. Xxxxxx, X. (2013). Partisan representation in congress and the geographic distribution of federal funds. The review of economics and statistics, 95, 127-141. Xxxxxxxxxxxx, X., & Xxxxxx, X.X. (2006). Party control of state government and the distribution of public expenditures. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 108(4), 547-569. Xxxxxxxx, X., & Xxxxx da Xxxxxxx, X. (2017). Appointed public officials and Local favoritism: Evidence from the German states (Working Paper). Retrieved from xxxxx://xxx.xxxxxx.xxx/DocDL/cesifo1_wp6800.pdf Xxxxxxx, X.X., & Xxxxx, R.M. (1995). The electoral dynamics of the federal pork barrel. American Journal of Political Science, 40, 1300-1326. Belfius. (2017). De financiële situatie van de Vlaamse lokale besturen. Budget 2017. Retrieved xxxxx://xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxx.xx/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/de-financiele- situatie-van-de-vlaamse-lokale-besturen-budget-2017.pdf Xxxx, X., & Xxxxxxxx-Xxxxxxx, X. (2005). The determinants of the incidence of intergovernmental grants : A survey of the international experience (Working Paper No. 06-52). Retrieved from xxxx://xxxxx.xxx.xxx/publications/2006/index.htm Xxxxxxx, X., & Xxxxxxxx, X. (1980). The power to tax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Xxxxxx, X. & Xxxxxxxxx, X. (2012). Tying your enemy’s hands in close races: the politics of federal transfers in Brazil. American political science review, 106, 742-761. Xxxxx, X., Xxxxxx, X.X., & Xxxxxxx, X. (2002). Contribution to productivity or pork barrel? The two faces of infrastructure investment (Working Paper No. 02-09). Retrieved from xxxxx://xxx.xxxxx.xxxx/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/11252/ssoar- 2002-cadot_et_al- contribution_to_productivity_or_pork.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar -2002-cadot_et_al-contribution_to_productivity_or_pork.pdf Xxxxxxx, X., & Xxx...
Future Research. As this study appears to be the first to have combined conditioning and trauma film paradigms, the results require replication. The exact mechanism by which the update group experienced fewer PTSD symptoms is unclear and future studies could add tighter control groups. If the results are replicated and experimental effect is established, a study using cognitive behavioural techniques as an early preventative intervention in real-life settings (such as A&E) would be warranted to establish whether updating techniques can further limit the development of PTSD. This would be an expansion of the Rothbaum et al. (2008) study which found that exposure was an effective early intervention to reduce depression and post- traumatic reactions. It would be interesting to repeat the Rothbaum et al. (2008) study with the addition of an cognitive update group to see whether this would enhance effectiveness further. Further studies investigating whether increased conditioned fear acquisition predicts the development of PTSD in experimental settings, in at-risk groups prior to trauma exposure and in settings targeting people shortly after trauma exposure (e.g. A&E), would help to determine whether this could be a reliable index for identifying people vulnerable to PTSD development. Further to this, it would be useful to expand on pilot studies investigating whether the acquisition response is associated with treatment outcome (Xxxxxx et al., 2011). For example, it might be predicted that those who show a stronger acquisition response are more likely to develop PTSD and are therefore more likely to derive therapeutic gain from early intervention. In addition, further research into the relationship between acquisition, US devaluation/extinction and PTSD development is warranted. Future studies could add control groups to elucidate the mechanisms that may be reducing intrusions and PTSD symptoms in the update group. For example, it may be that the update group experienced fewer intrusions due to changing the meaning of the films, that the addition of new verbal information disrupted consolidation or it may be the combination that has therapeutic benefit. Xxxxxx & Xxxxx’x (2000) cognitive model of PTSD would predict that targeting both the disorganised nature of the trauma memory and the negative appraisals of the trauma are helpful in reducing PTSD symptoms. It would be interesting to attempt to experimentally separate these processes to establish relative effect. A control gro...
Future Research. As this study was exploratory in nature and the relationships between attachment patterns, intent ratings, distress ratings and ACEs showed inconsistencies future research may benefit from the following: Future research may wish to explore the use of the simulation task with scenarios that are both attachment relevant, as in the Xxxxxxx (1996) study and attachment irrelevant scenarios, as in the Huddy et al. (2012) study, as a means to explore the validity of using such a task to explore working models of attachment. This would allow for further exploration of whether internal working models of attachment, as theorised by Xxxxxx (1969, 1973, 1980) are in fact activated outside of attachment relevant situations. Given that social desirability may have impacted the responses given to the XXX (Xxxxx et al., 2006) and post-scenario distress ratings within the prison environment, future research may wish to explore the use of the simulation task using comparison groups outside of a prison setting. The use of the AAI (Main & Goldwyn, 1984) was ruled out in the current study due to the challenges of accessing prisoners during limited ‘out-of-cell time’. Future research, however, may wish to explore means by which this gold-standard measure of attachment could be used, which would allow further exploration of the utility of the simulation task and measures of intent to explore activation of internal working models. What is apparent from the current study is the complexity of the needs of this young offender population. The participants were found to have a history of childhood adversity and low levels of education. Experiences of childhood adversity have been linked to both an increased risk to mental health difficulties (x.x. Xxxxxxx et al., 2004; Xxxxxxx et al., 2003; Xxxxxxxxx, et al, 2007; Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx & Xxxxxx, 2009) and higher levels of criminality (Xxxxxxx & Xxxxx, 2002; Xxxxxxxx, 2007; Xxxxxx et al., 2010; Xxxxxxxxxx 2000). Lower educational achievements in young people have also been associated to an increased risk of mental health difficulties (Xxxxxxxxxxx et al. 2006; Xxxxx et al., 2007). More specific to the current participant group, unmet educational needs within offenders has been related to higher rates of re-offending (Xxxxxx, 2010). Future research exploring attachment styles within young offenders may therefore wish to make use of a routine measure of mental well-being (e.g. Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation; Xxxxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 2007) w...
