The European Union Clause Samples

The European Union. The European Union is a Regional Economic Integration Organization. It is not bound by the 1929 Warsaw Convention,169 but it is Party to the 1999 Montreal Convention.170 Article 53 of said treaty indeed authorizes Regional Economic Integration Organizations such as the European Union to sign, ratify, accept, approve or accede to it. The European Union may therefore be considered as a ‘State Party’ to the 1999 Montreal Convention, with the exception of Articles 1(2); 3(1)(b); 5(b); 23; 24; 33; 46 and 57(b). The instru- ment of approval submitted to the ICAO by the European Community, which became the European Union from 1 December 2009, contained a declaration regarding the competence of the European Community with respect to certain matters governed by the 1999 Montreal Convention.171 The European legislator extended the scope of application of the 1999 Montreal Convention, normally limited by its Article 1 to ‘international carriage’, to flights operated inside the territory of a European Member State and set out that the liability of a Community air carrier for passengers

The European Union. � Eco Ready

The European Union. In spite of the heterogeneity in legislation of the Member States the European Union seems to play an important role in the rule of law at an international level, and also with regard to raising ethical concerns.15Withinthe context of the European Union, we will analyze the regulatory framework of some selected countries and we will highlight their differences. We should underline that the legal architecture and the legal tradition in each country/state provides for different regulatory layers. The membership of a state in a supranational organization like the EU has also implications on the applied regulations sinceEU legislation supersedes national legislation. However, specific competencies that the EU holds and the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality affect the legal framework and the hierarchy between national and European legislation.16 The European legal landscape exemplifies different regulatory and cultural norms as these are evident from the comparison of the legislation in Member States. There are several discrepancies noted in national legislations and oversight bodies. Recognizing heterogeneity and pluralism, the institutions of the European Union formulate opinions and recommendations in order to emphasize the importance of safeguarding human dignity, without, however, regulating how and to what extent research should be conducted. This decision concerns the Member ▇▇▇▇▇▇.▇▇▇▇ we provide some highlights on different countries, which have dominated the results of our survey, that show the discrepancies in national legislations in relation to hESC research, cloning, gene editing and definition of embryo. 15 ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇, ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇. ▇▇▇▇, ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇, ▇. ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇. (2009). The changing landscape of European and international regulation on embryonic stem cell research, Stem Cell Research, Volume 2, Issue 2,p.102. 16▇▇▇▇▇://▇▇.▇▇▇▇▇▇.▇▇/health/policies/overview_en Austria: The ESC research in Austria is regulated bythe Reproductive Medicine Act 2004.17 The Austrian law does not contain a precise definition of an embryo but states that ‘’Fertilized oocytes and cells derived from them shall be considered viable cells.’’18Austriaprohibits ESC research and cloning. Under the Reproductive Medicine Act 2004, the procurement of cells from a human embryo for research purposes is prohibited. And also “embryos cannot be used for any purpose other than for assisted reproduction”.19 In Austria, gene editing is governed by the G...

The European Union. The Contracting Authority will request an EU VAT Exemption Certificate for this Contract (to be duly certified by the Tax Authorities of The Netherlands in accordance with Directive 2006/112/EC Article 151 and Directive 2008/118/EC Article 13), which shall be issued to the Contractor. The Contractor shall issue all invoices against this Contract exclusive of VAT.

The European Union. Britain and Ireland had already joined the European Union in 1973 at the same time, but the European Union was not directly involved in the negotiations during the peace process in Northern Ireland. As a matter of fact, as Adams claimed in his book „Hope and History‟, “the countries of the European Union saw the conflict in Ireland as an internal matter for the British government.” (Adams, 2004, p. 153). On the economic side, the European Union, since 1991, through its INTERREG Programme/Northern Ireland-Ireland-Scotland (UK-Ireland), has brought in approximately 1.13 billion Euros into the region. This funding has been used to finance thousands of projects that support strategic cross-border co-operation in 10 An Irish republican organization in the US in the late 19th and 20th centuries, successor to the Fenian Brotherhood and a sister organization to the Irish Republican Brotherhood. order to create a more prosperous and sustainable region prioritising issues ranging from access to transport, health and social care services, environmental issues and enterprise development (INTERREG-EU, 2024). The EU has also supported through its Peace Fund, the peace dividend arising from the Good Friday Agreement by facilitating socioeconomic interaction, solidarity and reconciliation. The Peace Fund allocated 500 million Euros to PEACE I (1995- 1999), with an additional 167 million Euros contributed by the British and Irish governments; 531 million Euros to PEACE II (2000-2006), with both governments allocating an additional 304 million Euros for peacebuilding projects; 225 million Euros to PEACE III (2007-2013), with the European Structural and Investment Funds allocating 108 million Euros additionally to peacebuilding Civil Society Organizations; 270 million Euros for PEACE IV (2014-2020) with British and Irish governments contributing an additional amount of 41 million Euros, and the Regional Development Fund providing 229 million Euros as well (Byrne, 2024, pp. 40-41). In the following period, the Commission has adopted the PEACE PLUS, a new cross-border EU programme to strengthen peace and reconciliation and cross-border cooperation between Ireland and Northern Ireland. It combines the previous INTERREG and PEACE funding strands into a new programme for the 2021-2027 EU period. The Commission will be investing 235 million Euros from the European Territorial Cooperation allocation of the European Regional Development Fund (EU Commission, 2022). Together with the ...

The European Union. Moldova Research and Innovation Committee (hereinafter referred to as “the Joint Committee”) shall be established under this Agreement.

The European Union. The European Union (EU) is the oldest and most significant economic integration scheme, involving twenty-seven Western and Eastern European countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lat- via, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Ro- mania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. One of the most important developments is the recent EU enlargement from fif- teen to twenty-five countries in May 2004, with the admission of Cyprus, Malta, and eight East European countries. In January ▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ and Romania also joined the EU, increasing the number to twenty-seven coun- tries. Turkey and other East European countries will be considered for admission in the coming years based on certain criteria such as stable demo- cratic institutions, free markets, and ability to assume EU treaty obligations (Van Oudenaren, 2002; ▇▇▇▇▇, 2003). Even though the European economic integration dates back to the Treaty of Rome in 1957, the European Union is the outcome of the Maastricht treaty in 1992. The European Union has an aggregate population of about 456 mil- lion and a total economic output (GDP) of $12 trillion (U.S.) (2005), and in- volves the largest transfer of national sovereignty to a common institution. In certain designated areas, for example, international agreements can only be made by the European Union on behalf of member states (Wild, Wild, and Han, 2006). The pursuit of such integration was partly influenced by the need to create a lasting peace in Europe as well as to establish a stronger Europe that could compete economically against the United States and Japan (see Table 2.5). Since the countries were not large enough to compete in global markets, they had to unite in order to exploit economies of large-scale production.

The European Union. It powerfully depicts the aspiration for a better life coming from the voices of displaced individuals and communities, living in extreme poverty in derelict buildings and desperately searching for hope. The sense of helplessness is opposed to the privilege granted to the protagonist ▇▇▇▇, a Syrian refugee now living in Germany;

The European Union. Eco Ready I\17-Ml 7 De,·dopm,mt