Social Support. (8.3): Includes periodic telephone contact, visiting or other social and reassurance services to verify that the individual is not in medical, psychological, or social crisis, or to offset isolation; expenses for activities and supplies required for client participation in rehabilitation programs; therapeutic classes and exercise classes are also provided. Such services shall be provided based on need, as designated in the client’s plan of care. The MSSP has found that isolation and lack of social interaction can seriously impact some clients’ capacity to remain independent. Lack of motivation or incentive or the lack of any meaningful relationships can contribute to diminishing functional capacity and premature institutionalization. These services are often provided by volunteers or through Title III of the Older Americans Act; however, these services may not be available in a particular community and do, infrequently, require purchase. The waiver will be used to purchase friendly visiting only if the service is unavailable in the community or is inadequate as provided under other public or private programs.
Social Support. Contractor must include strategies for helping clients build prosocial protective factors that will enhance the success of family reunification interventions.
Social Support. Social support is a multidimensional construct defined as the quantitative and qualitative aspects of a network of individuals that provide instrumental, emotional, and informational support to another individual (Xxxxx, 1982; Xxxxxxxx, Gidron, Xxxxxxx, & Xxxx-Xxxxxx, 2009). Social support has a positive effect on disease management and well-being (Bloom & Xxxxxxx, 1984; XxXxxxxx, 2004a). Social support plays a central role in alleviating the impact of stress and facilitating coping in the presence of an illness (XxXxxxxx, 2004a). Xxxxxxxxx and Xxxxxxxxx (2001) found social support was the most commonly used coping strategy for women with breast cancer. A network of support is shown to influence decisions about treatment and helps validate an individual’s choices (Xxxxx, 1982). When faced with a new diagnosis such as breast cancer, a system of support can reduce the sense of isolation and ease the fear of uncertainties that accompany the diagnosis and treatment sequence (Bloom, 1982). Emotional support is also beneficial in providing assurance and adjustment to the cancer diagnosis as well as to other types of chronic illness. A network of support offers the patient undergoing the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer a means to feel accepted and reduces the feelings of isolation and loneliness and thus buffering the stress impact of the cancer experience (Bloom, 1982). Social network impacts health behavior such as disease management and adherence to medications for chronic illnesses (XxXxxxxx, 2004a). Social support facilitates individuals to seek medical care and those with a larger support system have been found to be diagnosed earlier and have a better prognosis (XxXxxxxx, 2004a). Social support is instrumental to helping individuals adhere to treatment regimens; for example, a meta-analysis of 122 studies found practical support to bear the highest correlation with adherence. The risk for non-adherence was almost twice as high among patient who did not receive practical support as among those who did (XxXxxxxx, 2004b). In another example, the odds of adherence were almost twice as high (OR= 1.38) in adults who lived with others than in adults that lived alone. The results from XxXxxxxx’x meta- analysis demonstrate the compelling link between social support and adherence, yet a majority of these links were drawn from the well-developed HIV, anti-hypertensive, and diabetes adherence literature (2004a). There is a gap in the literature that formally ...
Social Support. We measured mothers’ social support using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS; Xxxxx et al., 1988). The MSPSS is a 12-item scale that assesses the subjective adequacy of one's social support, with no specified time frame. Participants rate their level of agreement with support-related statements (e.g., "I get the emotional help and support I need from my family") on a 7-point Likert Scale, ranging from 1 (very strongly disagree) to 7 (very strongly agree). Scores range from 7 to 84, with higher overall scores indicate higher perceived support. The MSPSS has demonstrated good internal and test-retest reliability (Xxxxx et al., 1988). In our sample, the MSPSS had a Chronbach’s alpha of 0.94.
Social Support. The SAC framework (Lazarus & Xxxxxxx, 1984) describes social support as a resource that can modify the influence of appraisals of caregiving experience and coping ability and potentially modify outcome in terms of carer distress (Xxxxx et al., 2003). Xxxxx et al. (2003) studied carers of people with psychosis and found that coping was associated with social support and concluded that effective coping in caregivers of people with psychosis may improve with support from confidantes. Social support has also been associated with better health and higher life satisfaction in carers of people with psychosis (Xxxxxx & Xxxxxxxxx, 2011). However, carers’ social networks can be negatively affected by their role and can diminish over time (Xxxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, & Xxxxxxxxxxxxx, 1982; Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, Bayer, & Xxxxxxxxx, 1984). Xxxxxxxx et al. (2005) found that carer burden was significantly higher among relatives caring for someone with schizophrenia who reported lower support from their social network and professionals. It is possible that carers who experience posttraumatic stress symptoms may be vulnerable to experiencing reduced social networks. Social support has been shown to be negatively correlated with the development and maintenance of PTSD (e.g., Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, & Xxxxxxxxx, 2000). We know from the cognitive model of PTSD that people with persistent PTSD are likely to avoid social activities (Xxxxxx & Xxxxx, 2000). The “here and now” quality of intrusions may be interpreted as a sign by the individual that they are unable to relate to other people or that their relationships with others have permanently changed for the worse (Xxxxxx & Xxxxx, 2000). Consistent with this, Xxxxxx et al. (2012) found that social support was negatively associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms in mothers of children with type 1 diabetes.
Social Support. Definition Social support is a complex, multidimensional concept that involves social interactions between recipients and providers (44). Broadly defined, social support is a voluntary well-intentioned act from one individual, the provider, that is given to another individual, the recipient, and elicits an immediate or delayed positive response in the recipient (45, 46). Using this general definition, there is flexibility in what is and who gives social support, making it difficult to define in detail and measure across interactions. Social support can be given by a family member, husband or partner, friends, and associates. Furthermore, there are different classifications: emotional, including expressions of empathy, care, and love; informational, where advice and guidance are given during a time of stress; instrumental, consisting of practical and tangible help in terms of financial aid or assistance with tasks; and appraisal, with information that is useful for and promotes self-evaluation (47, 48). Each of these four attributes is helpful and protective to the recipient of the support. As opposed to the simplified definitions found in the literature, major theoretical definitions of social support were examined by Xxxxxx in 1997. These definitions could be placed in five categories: 1) Type of support provided, 2) Recipients’ perception of support, 3) Intentions or behaviors of the provider, 4) Reciprocal support, and 5) Social networks (45). Each of these categories get at the complexity and specificity of social support.
Social Support. In addition to coping mechanisms and strategies, social support was also included as a mediating variable in our study. There is substantial evidence to support that the health and wellbeing of individuals are positively affected by the structure of their informal social networks, as well as by the quality and nature of the supportive activities of those networks (Pinquart & Xxxxxxxx, 2000; Yang, 2006). The findings are mixed in terms of how minority caregivers use and benefit from social support. In their 20- year review of caregiving studies, Xxxxxxxx-Anderson, Williams, & Xxxxxx (2002) discovered that minority caregivers used formal services less than their White counterparts and that African American had more diverse informal social support systems. Janevic and Xxxxxxx (2001) reported mixed findings in their review of the literature, with regard to size of support systems between African American and White caregivers. Despite the differences in social support systems across diverse groups, social support is generally seen as a dynamic, multidimensional construct that strongly influences how humans behave and how individuals perform in their social roles (Xxxxx & Xxxx, 1985). Personal resources such as emotional resilience and mastery can also be activated to mitigate the effects of the stressors (Pearlin, 2005). Studies have found that mastery—a sense of personal control—is a strong predictor of both psychological and physical outcomes (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2012; Pearlin et al., 1981; Pudrovska et al., 2005). Longitudinal studies have found that personal mastery can reduce the effects of stress on depression and cardiovascular health outcomes over time (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2007). Considering the evidence that demonstrates that social support is a critical variable that can strongly influence the relationship between appraised stress and health outcomes, it was included in the analysis. Resilience and mastery, however, were not accounted for in this study.
Social Support. Contractor shall include strategies for helping youth build protective factors such as connections with schools, employment, health care, legal services, appropriate family members and other caring adults.
Social Support. Support given to people to actively engage in their local community, community asset building, to make friends and sustain relationships. This support is more frequently given away from home.
Social Support. The 7-item social support scale was specifically developed for the original study. It measures students perceived social support following an incident of SH as victims or perpetrators. This 5-point Likert scale (1. Strongly disagree, 2. Disagree, 3. Agree, 4. Strongly agree, 5. Not applicable ‘N/A’) include questions that examine different levels of social support systems for students such as family, tribe, and friends. (Cronbach’s alpha= 0.76). To understand potential influences of social support sources on bystander intentions, study team decided to investigate social support correlation with the outcomes of interest by support type (familial, friends, tribal) as dichotomous variables, except for tribal, where due to the high answer rates of ‘N/A’, this option was not recoded as missing. The three items used are: “If I experienced sexual harassment on campus, I could rely on my family for help”, “If I experienced sexual harassment on campus, I could rely on my friends for help”, and “If I experienced sexual harassment on campus, I could rely on members of my tribe for help.” Wasta Wasta in Arabic translates to connection, and in the context of this study it means having an important person who could help a student evade a serious situation at the university. The 10-point scale was devised for the original study with 10 being the highest and 1 being the lowest connectedness rating as perceived by the student.
