Background of the Study. The image of teachers as mere employees limited in their freedom of choice and decision making coupled with constant struggle with financial and social problems has been a subject of many debates on education not only in Kazakhstan, but in many post- Soviet countries. This is listed as one of the consequences of “educational deterioration” that many post-Soviet countries have been experiencing since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 (Silova, 2007, p.166). Along with a significant decline in educational funding which led to a substantial decrease in teacher salaries, the professional community of teachers also suffered from a “demeaning public perception”, as they were also forced into a competitive environment by the “performance- and outcomes-based reforms” introduced by the government (Xxxxxx, 2009, p. 4). Since then, the schools and teachers were allowed less autonomy in schools and much more accountability as they were forced to act as “passive executors” of the government initiatives (Khegay, 2017, p.2). Autonomy is one of the three basic human motivation drivers along with mastery and purpose (Pink, 2011). Teachers who are deprived of the choice over what happens in their classrooms lose their will to work and be productive. Xxxxxxx (2013) states:
Background of the Study. Traditional film rental stores base their inventory decisions on formulas using historical rental data, store size, and box office sales among other factors. As titles become less popular, inventory can be reduced by selling previously viewed copies to members for a low cost. Titles that are out of stock are often compensated with coupons good for a free rental when it is available again. The film rental industry is an ever evolving industry that changes with the economy, evolution of culture and technology and to remain viable in the business, the clients must be willing to evolve. In the entertainment industry, video or movies purchase and rentage has evolved significantly since 1888 with the creating of an expert film titled “Roundhay Garden Scene” created by Xxxxx Xx Xxxxxx and this film has remained the earliest existing motion picture. The first home movie was “Betamax” by the Sony Company in 1975 which was in fact very costly. This was followed by Magnetic Video in November 1977. Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxx was the first person to launch video rental store in Los Angelis in December 1977 and the development continues. As of march 2008 there were approximately 10,200 DVD vending kiosks in operation across the USA with a market value of $198million represented through almost double the number of DVD kiosks in operation as there are many stores currently in America. The growth of DVD vending as opined by Xxxxx Xxxxx, former Executive Director of Self Service and Kiosks Association, The potentials of automated DVD rental is tremendous because they are perfect for high traffic, high frequency location such as grocery stores, restaurants, Laundromats, apartment complexes, college campuses and airports Reuters in 2008 highlighted the benefits of automated DVD vending. They observed that consumers are constantly looking for convenience, so, whoever offers that stands to gain market share. Redbox, owned by Coinstar Inc. XxXxxxxx’x Corp and private investor is the leader in the growing in-store kioss space, followed by privately held TNR, which operates 2, 200 kioks. Others include Blockbusters, Netfix, IMozi, MovieMate, MovieQ, MovieBooth, ThingMagic, etc. In Nigeria today, Music and film rental, vending and distribution will finally take a better shape if upcoming film rental agencies make good their plans. SoForte Entertainment Distribution in collaboration with Sony Music UK plans to be the first to make Nigerian music available whenever there is a demand for it anyw...
Background of the Study. There are many benefits to earning a high school diploma, including the opportunity to apply to college and qualify for better employment opportunities. They also tend to make higher salaries and are less likely to rely on public assistance, have fewer health problems, or engage in criminal activity (Xxxxxxxxx, 2013). Overall, a high school diploma offers more robust employment options and greater personal satisfaction. Unfortunately, leaving high school is easy (Christle, Jolivette, & Xxxxxx, 2007), and it occurs so frequently that approximately 2.1 million American students drop out each year (National Center for Educational Statistics, 2020). But it is Hispanic students, whether born in the US or outside, who have one of the highest dropout rates among ethnic groups (see Figure 1.1). In the early 1970s, Hispanic students comprised the highest number of dropouts (Bohon, Johnson, & Xxxxxx, 2006). Unfortunately, they continue to leave school in high numbers, second only to the American Indian population (National Center for Educational Statistics, 2020). According to the Digest of Educational Statistics (2019), Latino males are among the largest subgroup of students who drop out of school without earning a diploma.
Background of the Study. The central phenomenon that I explored was the motivation of six secondary teachers from two private schools in Sabah in Malaysia to collaborate with their colleagues on a school improvement project. Thus, investigating the factors that enable or impede collaboration among teachers was the central focus of the study. My interest in this topic arose from the fact that all schools are different and many operate in the mode of seclusion, where teachers mostly work alone in their classrooms, allocating little time for interacting with their colleagues and not disclosing any of their practice issues to anyone. General observations reveal that teachers at the two selected schools are separated from one another, seldom engage in professional conversations with other educators, professional learning, or solving problems. In contrast, there are schools where teachers collaborate with each other, share ideas and knowledge, and take an active part in solving problems that occur in their classrooms. In collaborative school cultures, teachers draw upon collegial support and teamwork to be more effective teachers to their students as well as ensure their learning never ceases. Thus, Fullan and Xxxxxxxxxx (1991) asserted that collaborative schools boast more pleasant and productive work environments which lead to the improvement of student academic performance. Most countries are striving to improve their education systems ‘‘to compete more effectively in what is increasingly a knowledge-based economy’’ (Xxxx et al., 2019, p. 2). Because globalisation enables governments to observe how economies and education systems of other countries are developing and progressing, they attempt to imitate what has succeeded in other countries, ignoring the fact that the efficacy of borrowing policies heavily depends on context and culture. One illustrative example from Asia is the Malaysia Education Blueprint (MoE, 2013). In the Malaysia Education Blueprint (MEB) (2013-2023), it is emphasised that quality teaching is of the utmost importance. The officials refer to it as ‘‘the most effective lever’’ (p. 9) that has the capability to transform primary and secondary schools and improve student performance. The goal is to prioritise the quality of teaching by using successful present practice and rewarding quality teaching with more career opportunities in education. To achieve this aim, the programme of Professional Learning Community (PLC), a form of professional development, has been i...
Background of the Study. Numerical analysis is a branch of mathematics concerned with theoretical foun- dations of numerical algorithms for the solution of problems arising in scientific applications, Wasow (1942). The problems in which the highest order derivative is multiplied by a small positive parameter are known to be singularly perturbed problems and the parameter is known as the perturbation parameter. Depending on the solution behavior of the problem in the limiting case when perturbation parameter goes to zero, such type of problems are classified into two classes, namely; (i) regularly perturbed problems
Background of the Study. This mixed-methods research study examines the effectiveness of instructional coaching on teacher willingness to implement change in the classroom under the theoretical construct of adult learning theory, or andragogy. The instructional coaching presented in this study was in the form of support for teachers engaged in professional development for supporting English learners with the language demands of Common Core. There is a long history of information on the topic of professional development for educators. Because teachers make a significant impact on student academic achievement, the literature supports the notion that professional development is a critical component of successful school systems in ensuring success of all learners (Xxxxxxx-Xxxxxxx, 1997, 2010; Xxxxxx, 2009; Fullan, 2010; Xxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 2009; Xxxxxx, 2000; Xxxxxxx xx Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, X'Xxxxx, Dash, & Xxxxxxx, 2012). Therefore, a quality teacher in every classroom is crucial to successful schools. In securing a high-quality teaching force, there is a consensus throughout the research that educators of all experience levels require ongoing, top level professional development to adequately and continuously support students in successfully meeting challenging academic standards (Xxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 2009). This is especially critical in times of educational reform, such as the recent adoption of the Common Core State Standards (CCSS). A strong case has been made that professional development is vital for schools to meet the goal of having a high-quality educator in every classroom. Without it, a high-quality education force is unachievable. Not all professional development opportunities are equally effective. Traditionally, teacher professional development has been dominated by isolated training sessions. Only offering or requiring an hour or day-long professional development session to teachers is insufficient (Knight, 2009). There is much more involved in quality professional development than having teachers attend training (Croft, Coggshall, Dolan, & Powers, 2010; Knight, 2009; Knight & Xxxxxxx, 2009).
Background of the Study. The current business situation is in tough competition and uncertainties. To survive time to time in such an environment, firms must initiate the potential to take an action as soon as possible to the flexibly and unstable market demands and conditions. This is exceptionally factual for firms that produce short-lived products with prolonged manufacturing lead-times and short selling seasons. Moreover, this sort of products usually have relatively high demand uncertainty such as fashion apparels, smartphone, and computer accessories. Besides demand volatility, interesting only in own profit can lead to an inefficient supply chain. Aiming to avoid the loss that is appeared because of over- and under-ordering, retailers usually have to place order less amount but more often from their upstream firms that means manufacturers. Thus, the retailers can well plan ahead and accommodate uncertain demand. However, this type of order policy gives the manufacturers much pressure as it demands them to have flexible and resourceful capacity to provide for the irregular orders. Consequently, it causes manufacturer to raise production costs. This leads unnecessary conflicts between the partners. In this situation, both members do not exercise economical peak order and production quantity, and in conclusion, it results in a weak supply chain. To cope with the issue of supply chain inefficiency, an ordinary solution is to design contracts. Contracts can help the retailer with flexibility and more freedom to respond to unanticipated demand. This will not burden the supplier too (Xxxx et al., 2013). Contract is helpful for the firms to reach “Coordination”. Coordination is a situation in which the members willing to decide the decisions to cooperate and to achieve maximum supply chain’s profit. Among many contracts, for instance, buy-back contract, sharing revenue contract, pay-back contract, it is found out that option contracts can significantly reach coordinate in the supply chain and profit allocations alter under different coordination contracts (Xxxx et al., 2010).
Background of the Study. Writing is productive skills and it knows as one of English subject in educational system at school. According to (Xxxxxx, 2007) writing is productive skill same as speaking that the students can be judge as a learned if they read and write in specific situation and specific purpose. It means writing is either skill has to learned by the students in order to can deliver the message in information to others in the form spoken and written language. Not only productive skill, writing is a good way to develop English ability. According to (Xxxxx, 2007) writing has three important roles in student learning when thy write; first is writing fortify the grammatical structure, idioms, and vocabulary. Second, by writing students have a chance to be daring with the language. Third when they write, they have effort to express their idea and automatically become very involve with the new language. It means by writing students will be able to learn any aspect of language like grammatical aspect and language use. Moreover, writing is an essential job skill. It is the first basic upon which someone’s work, leaning and intellect will be judge in collage and in the work place. Xxxxx (2010) stated that the important thing of writing is its used largely in higher education and work place. Writing will complete us with communication and thinking skill. Although writing is a better choice to expand English ability, the majority of the students felt that it is not easy to show their idea in writing. Its need more work in organizing the compositions and the language made them could not be start correctly. In order to obtaine to good in write the students have to equip quickly and continue writing knowladge. So, the chore of teacher to expand the student, writing skill is not easy for some students. According to Xxxxxxxx and Renandya (2002) the most difficult skill for foreign language and second language is writing skill.. A study conducted by Xxxxxxx (2014) at eight grade student of SMP Trimuli Jakarta Selatan, revealed that the students made some error in their witing. The students made error in capitalization with the error were 200 or 23,90%, then option of the word were 110 or 13,14% and grammar with the number error 105 or 12,54%. It can be conclude the student in the school fell difficult when students make the sentences in writing according score. In addition, writing is not easy for students. It cause involves grammatical structure, vocabulary, spelling correctly and etc...
Background of the Study. Nowadays, most of the retailers face a big problem of uncertainty in demand of consumer. Reducing lead time, time between order release and order receipt, can be a solution for this problem. However, this is still a challenge topic for many industries such as electronic industry, fashion apparel industry and food industry. Another solution for the industry to deal with this problem is to purchase products in advance based on forecast and keep them in inventory. This is an ordinary inventory system that was used in the past. However, this solution still has low efficiency to absorb consumer demand uncertainty. In principle, there is no way to match demand and supply perfectly. In order to increase the efficiency of supply chain, supply contract is a well-known and widely- used solution. By sharing the risk between the retailer and the supplier, everyone’s profit can be increased. Option contract is a commonly used supply contract nowadays. It gives the retailer the right to buy, called call option, and the right to return, called put option, by paying for option reservation to the supplier. However, option contract is still incapable of dealing with supplier reliability risk, i.e., the risk of incapable to fulfill the order. Hence, the solution to reduce this risk with the use of multiple suppliers can be very useful for industries at present.
Background of the Study. 1.2.1 Education system in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan is the ninth largest country in the world by land surface which is located in Central Asia. The country has borders with Russia in the North, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan in the South, The Caspian Sea in the West, China in the South-East and Turkmenistan in the South-West (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD], 2015). According to statistics by the United Nations (United Nations [UN], 2020), the current population of Kazakhstan is 18,751,427. Kazakhstan has a nine-year mandatory education regulation for young people and according to the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Kazakhstan,1995, art.30), citizens are guaranteed to receive free secondary education in state schools. The education system has four levels: pre-primary (3-6 ages), primary (7-10 ages), secondary (11-17 ages) and tertiary education (18-22 ages) (United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural Organisation [UNESCO], 2020). Primary and secondary education is compulsory from age 9 to age 15, and free of charge for all students. The duration of primary education is four years, and students enter primary schools at the age of six or seven (OECD, 2015). Lower secondary education lasts for five years, followed either by two years in general upper secondary education or from two to four years in technical and vocational education. After the completion of upper secondary schools, students have a choice to enter technical and vocational colleges or to continue on to higher education. Kazakhstan is a country with nearly 130 ethnic groups, thus the education system in the country is very diverse in terms of ethnicity, religion and language (OECD, 2015). The national language of the country is Kazakh, and Russian is considered to be an inter-ethnic language; as it is understood by around 94% of the population. Recently, Kazakhstan has introduced a trilingual system of education, however, only 15.4% of the population are fluent in English (OECD, 2015). School education in Kazakhstan is offered in 21 languages, and state mainstream schools provide education in one of the two languages, whether Kazakh or Russian and in other minor languages for students from ethnic cultures (OECD, 2015). In Kazakhstan non-discrimination and gender equality remain a priority across all state sectors, including education. This is highlighted and described in the Constitution of Kazakhstan (Kazakhstan, 1995, art.14), in the developed and implemen...
