Xxxx et al. No. 2:16- cv-01024-RSM (W.D. Wash.).
Xxxx et al. (2004) reported that the percentage of the western United States in drought conditions has gradually increased over the last century and that the current drought rivals the drought conditions in the 1930s; however, these more recent droughts (i.e., in the last century) pale in comparison to conditions found 700–1,100 years before present in terms of duration and severity. These historic drought conditions likely negatively impacted Columbia spotted frog populations throughout their range. Due to dispersal abilities, metapopulation dynamics, and unimpaired connected habitat in which they evolved, Columbia spotted frogs were able to persist and repopulate areas when conditions became favorable, despite these severe recurring drought conditions (Lake 2003; Xxxxxx et al. 2006). In 1962, Xxxxxx (1962) documented a reoccurring drought; the previous 4–6 years had caused many of the streams to dry and found locating Columbia spotted frogs difficult. In a rangewide study of long-term trends of Columbia spotted frogs, drought had a strong negative effect on population growth, most notably at sites smaller than 0.15 ha (Hossack et al. 2013). Summer drought conditions are predicted to intensify through the end of the century, which may negatively impact Columbia spotted frogs, particularly occupied sites that are small (Hossack et al. 2013, NCADAC 2013). Since most populations are now fragmented and isolated, recolonization after extirpation, or input of genetic material from other populations, may not occur naturally. With more frequent and severe droughts likely accompanying climate change, we conclude that drought is a threat to Columbia spotted frogs throughout Nevada. Fire: Direct mortality of amphibians due to fire is thought to be rare and of minor importance to most populations (Xxxxxxx et al. 1999, Xxxxx 2000, Xxxxxxx et al. 2003, Hossack and Corn 2007); however, few studies have documented fire effects to aquatic amphibians in the western United States (Bury 2004, Hossack and Xxxxxxx 2011, Xxxxxxx et al. 2013). Most negative effects to aquatic species after wildfire are due to the immediate loss or alteration of habitat and indirect effects such as post-fire hydrologic events (Gresswell 1999, Xxxxx et al. 2003, Xxxxxx et al. 2003, Xxxxxxxx and Xxxx 0000, Xxxxxx et al. 2007, Hossack and Xxxxxxx 2011). In addition, fire suppression activities, including construction of fire lines, back burning, application of water from pumps or aerial drops, and use of fire r...
Xxxx et al. United States District Court Civil Action No. 11-30223-MAP (D. Mass.), including any claims related to any of the inmate moves and/or strip searches at issue in the above action.
Xxxx et al pending in the State of New Mexico, County of Bernalillo, Second Judicial District (CV 2006 01756); (iii) Lxxxxxxx Xxxx v. Bxxxxxx Xxxx, et al., pending in the State of New Mexico, County of Bernalillo, Second Judicial District (CV 2006 02055); and (iv) Yxxxxxx Xxxxxxx v. Bxxxxxx Xxxx, et al., pending in the State of New Mexico, County of Bernalillo, Second Judicial District (CV 2006 02144).
Xxxx et al. CGC 11-516073
Xxxx et al. No. C-15-CV- 21-000618 (Md. Cir. Ct.) (filed December 28, 2021) (the “Xxxxx Action”); Xxxxxx x.
Xxxx et al. No. 8:22-cv-01415-TDC (D. Md.) (filed June 10, 2022) (the “Xxxxxx Action”); Xxxxxxxxx, et al.
Xxxx et al. Case No. 10-CV-11305;
Xxxx et al. 2001; Xxxxxxxx-Xxxxx et al. 2002; Birdlife International 2004; Xxxxxx et al. 2004), molecular genetic analyses (x.x. Xxxx & Xxxxxxx 2001; Xxxxxx & Double 2003b; Xxxxxx & Double 2003a; Xxxx & Xxxxxxx 2004) and morphometric analyses (x.x. Xxxxxxxx et al. 2003b; Xxxxxx et al. 2003) are all likely to influence the taxonomic decision-making process and potentially the content of species lists. Much of the present taxonomic confusion surrounding albatrosses followed the publication of a phylogenetic study by Xxxx et al. (1996). Prior to this study the number of albatross species was considered to be 14. However, using data from Xxxx et al. (1996) and other behavioural and morphometric data, Xxxxxxxxx & Xxxx (1998) proposed a new ‘interim’ taxonomy which recognised 24 albatross species. Unfortunately the taxonomic decisions presented in their book chapter were not always supported by published, peer-reviewed scientific data and thus much controversy has surrounded the decisions therein. Following Xxxxxxxxx & Xxxx’x publication there has been no consensus over the number of albatross species among scientists, governments or conservation organisations. For example, of the two most recent books that discuss albatross taxonomy, one described 24 species (Xxxxxxxx 2002) whereas the other recognised only 21 (Brooke 2004). Similarly, Birdlife International lists 21 albatross species (xxx.xxxxxxxx.xxx) whereas the preliminary ACAP species lists are based on two taxonomies of 14 and 24 species (xxx.xxxx.xx). Only recently Penhallurick and Wink (2004) reviewed the genetic data published by Xxxx et al. (1996) and argued the data supported the recognition of only 13 albatross species. The scientific logic adopted by Penhallurick & Xxxx (2004) was criticised by Xxxxxxx & Austin (2005) who argued that later genetic studies (x.x. Xxxx & Xxxxxxx 2001; Xxxxxx & Xxxxxx 2003a; Xxxx & Xxxxxxx 2004) not considered by Penhallurick & Xxxx (2004) support the recognition of at least some of the ‘new species’ proposed by Xxxxxxxxx & Xxxx (1998). Taxonomic consensus is probably an unachievable goal. However, we believe that the current taxonomic confusion primarily exists due to a combination of three factors. First, as explained earlier, the identification of species boundaries among albatrosses and petrels is very difficult. Second, the veracity of the peer review process is variable and the process itself is fallible. Thus, unfortunately, less-than-robust taxonomic recommendations have b...
Xxxx et al. (1996) did not include DNA xxxxxxxx xxxx from either antipodensis or gibsoni in their analyses but provided convincing justification for splitting the genus Diomedea into Diomedea, Thalassarche and Phoebastria.
