Chapter Overview. This dissertation begins by examining the transition from domestic slave labor to domestic wage labor in Dar es Salaam at the turn of the twentieth century. Chapter 1 illustrates that colonialism did not invent male servants; men had been working as domestic servants, in various capacities, on the Swahili coast long before Europeans colonized it. Domestic service was honorable work, and it became an honorable occupation. Rather than merely resorting to domestic service out of desperation, this chapter demonstrates that African men chose to enter domestic service because it offered numerous material and social advantages over other types of work in the early colonial period. During the early colonial period, domestic service was permanent, semi-wage labor that bolstered men’s masculinity and status. Chapter 2 analyzes the complex relationships that formed between domestic servants and their masters as well as the power dynamics of European colonial homes. Far from being completely disempowered, servants participated in designing the daily routines and rituals that defined European domesticity and were foundational to the success of the imperial project. Although the relationship was hierarchical, employers’ authority in the home was seldom absolute. Employers and employees were mutually dependent—servants relied on their employers to earn livable wages as well as other goods and employers depended on their servants to provide the labor as well as the knowledge necessary to maintain clean, orderly, respectable homes. The relationships that formed between European masters and African servants often transcended that of employer and employee and colonizer and colonized. Through their daily interactions, servants and masters came to know and trust one another. While these personal relationships were often enjoyable and beneficial, both employers and employees could also use them to exploit each other.
Chapter Overview. The first chapter concentrates on the topic of the current study, which is the factors that enable and impede teachers’ collaboration at two secondary schools and provides a description of the study’s background and its context. Next, it discusses the research problem, states the research questions and explains the purpose of the research. Lastly, it ends with explaining the significance of the study.
Chapter Overview. This chapter outlines the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development’s (HUD) community service and self-sufficiency requirement (CSSR) as authorized by the Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act of 1998 (P.L. 105-276) and provides guidance to Public Housing Authorities (PHAs) on how to administer the requirement. Specifically, this chapter describes eligible activities, responsibilities of both the PHA and residents, and how PHAs are to document compliance. All PHAs operating a Public Housing Program, including PHAs participating in the Moving to Work demonstration, must comply with the CSSR.
Chapter Overview. After explaining MFA methodology and their principles, the framework for MFA within envi- ronmental management systems is outlined, and it is discussed how MFA results can be used as a base for evaluation systems such as LCA. Generally, two types of MFA models are developed and displayed. First, a qualitative based, universal MFA model representing the infrastructure of railway sys- tems is developed and displayed. Compiled contributions from InfraGuidER partners to the WP2 progress are attached, as well as related comments by VUT. Second, a case study representing the material turnover and stocks of 1 km railway line is pre- sented. Therefore, the universal MFA model is adopted and restricted to focus on this bounded area. As a starting point, emission potentials are listed to model diffuse emissions along railway tracks. Finally, sub models of both MFA models are represented, showing refined stock & flow dia- grams. As a starting point to determine MFA quantities and establish a first draft of material list, a standardized information gathering process to determine stock & flow matrices is developed and described. 3 MAIN TASKS AND LINKS TO OTHER DELIVERABLES AND WORK PACKAGES In this short chapter, the work necessary to produce deliverable D5 is summarized emphasizing links to other work packages and deliverables. Information exchange between related InfraGuid- ER tasks is crucial because it improves common understanding and progress. Therefore, D5 main-tasks are listed in table 1 as starting point or additional input for related tasks within WP1, WP3 and WP4. D5 main-tasks Direct links to other deliverables and work packages Description of the framework for MFA within envi- ronmental management systems. WP1 reports on the range of existing environmental management tools and impact assessment tools. Description of evaluation methods for MFA results. Development and display of a qualitative based, uni- versal stock & flow diagram of railway infrastruc- ture. This includes the definition of spatial and tem- poral system boundaries, as well as defining main processes, stocks and flows. Additionally, emission potentials of infrastructure components are identified. Task 3.1 refines the MFA system by implementing additional subsystems. Task 3.2 includes the quanti- fication of the model in interaction with IMs. The ob- jective of D13 is to display balanced quantities of materials and emission loads. D14 reports suggestions for a process model for cho- sen comp...
Chapter Overview. The remainder of this dissertation is organized as follows. Chapter 2 reports on an assessment of the validity and dependability of the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), which was developed for international use in measuring household food insecurity. The validation of the HFIAS in an urban setting in SSA is a major contribution, as over half the world now lives in cities; indeed, rates of urbanization are increasing in sub-Saharan Africa (UN-HABITAT, 2008). The HFIAS performed well according to validation standards in the field; and yet my research also revealed a slight amelioration in reported food insecurity status over time, which seems paradoxical given the increasing inaccessibility of food over the same time period due to local effects of the 2008 global food crisis. Thus the results reported in this chapter are important not only for the validation of food insecurity tools, but also for the sustainability of community health programs reliant on volunteerism in sub-Saharan Africa, a region characterized by chronic food insecurity. A version of Chapter 2 was published in The Journal of Nutrition (Xxxx, et al., 2009).
