Ideas and experiences. Participants identified a number of different ways in which they had facilitated supply in their own projects. Implementers should be aware of the different market actors and the relationships between them. Understanding the system helps in understanding what might be the sources of provision. Participatory Market System Development Approaches can help. Where available, working with existing artisans and hardware manufacturers and suppliers means not starting from scratch. Participatory technology design workshops in Nakuru brought together communities and authorities. The workshops helped get fixed low cost designs approved by the local authority. Develop and leaver financing options. These can include: - Community revolving funds - Payment by instalments - Micro-credit products through banks/micro-finance institutions - Financial support and/or assistance for share and public latrines. Public toilets may be required to ensure access for the poorest and/or street dwellers, giving them free or cheaper access. This has been trialled in both Nairobi and Hawassa, Ethiopia. Waste management rather than the existence of a toilet is often an issue. Adding value to waste (such as through biogas production and composting) can help make a business case for such services. There were many examples from different projects In Gulariya, Nepal, the growth of demand for artisans and hardware projects was huge. In an earlier project, Practical Action had trained artisans to make biosand filters for water treatment. As part of the U-CLTS approach the same artisans were trained to make slabs and rings. In Nakuru, Kenya, Practical Action trained artisans on making toilets after having previously trained them in building houses. ‘Master artisans’ were also identified. As part of the participatory design approach mentioned earlier, 6 designs were approved by the local authority. Small wooden models of each were built and could be taken round the communities in order to help people select a model they liked and that would be suitable for their conditions. Artisans will only build these 6 toilets and refuse to build unapproved designs. In Iringa, Tanzania, MAMADO found engaging artisans quite difficult as they had lots of other business interests which were more profitable. Instead they tried to reach out to vocational training centres who can also sell products with the hope that they will set up a joint venture, both training people and selling products In Rosso, Mauritania, ma...
Ideas and experiences. Yet again a situation assessment is critical to help identify how faecal sludge can be managed and where it can be disposed of or reused. Equally important is a stakeholder analysis highlighting the relevant actors: municipality, utilities, private service providers, informal service providers, households etc. There were some good examples of FSM being managed by communities. In Nakuru Umande Trust and Practical Action built a public bio-sanitary centre, a public toilet which generates bio-gas from the faecal waste. The bio-centres are managed by community groups who earn income from charging for access to the toilets and use the finances to pay wages and maintain the facility. The biogas is usually fed into a kitchen within the facility which can be hired out for cooking. Whoever ends up providing the service capacity development and equipment provision is important. This could include identifying entrepreneurs from the community and providing them with business skills alongside training and equipment for emptying, transporting and treating sludge. World Vision in Ethiopia is planning to train pit emptiers who will collect pit contents and sell to farmers are fertiliser. UNICEF in Mauritania and Practical Action in Nakuru have also provided training and equipment service provision for FSM workers. Other good examples are pit emptying association being formed in Burkina Faso and in Nairobi where informal emptiers were given recognition during World Toilet Day. Another suggestion was using post-ODF mapping which show what pits will be full when. However, many more questions were asked rather than answers given. These included: - How can you get concentrated service delivery in a given area and raise the ambition on the level of coverage of FSM services? - Can CLTS be used for pit emptying? How far along the sanitation chain do we have to/can we go with CLTS? Is it suitable for emptying? Transporting? Treatment? Disposal? Do we need to figure this out before triggering? - What is the role of the duty bearers and what is the role of the community?
Ideas and experiences. In practice, Situation & Stakeholder analysis as part of an urban CLTS process has tended to be ad hoc rather than systematic. The following mainly constitute recommendations based on good practice rather than extensive concrete experiences. A number of conventional and more participatory tools and methods were proposed by workshop participants for carrying out situation / stakeholder analysis: Situation Analysis could draw on existing data from authorities, published data, surveys, and documents. In India, the census records people who defecate in the open and the number of people using unimproved and unsafe facilities and households not connected to a sewer system. However, it was agreed that getting information can be a long and tiresome process. Situation Analysis could be complemented or verified by different groups in the community, e.g. though mapping exercises or key informant interviews. It was debated whether this should be done before or during triggering. Collecting information in the community prior to triggering might duplicate and possibly undermine the impact of triggering. Stakeholder Analysis could take the form of interviews, focus group discussions and / or workshops to make sure all stakeholders are identified and relationships are understood. Tools to use during stakeholder workshops could include: o Stakeholder matrix o Venn diagrams to show overlaps between players. Size identifies importance / how they are perceived. o Mapping diagram of the system with relationships marked / strength indicated o Mapping where different stakeholders are working (including functionality of committees) o Power mapping of the different stakeholders would help to understand who has influence within and beyond the community Mathare, Nairobi, Kenya Plan International Kenya organised a stakeholder event with around 100 people from the government, representatives of different geographical areas, community-based service providers, NGOs, local businesses, youth groups, women’s groups, churches, etc. The participants looked at their own roles in sanitation, their strengths and weaknesses, the resources they already had at their disposal, and their relationships with other groups. The facilitators asked people what they saw as their role in the proposed initiative. This gave them a basis on which to agree a proposal for activities going forward. Nakuru, Kenya Practical Action and Umande Trust mapped existing institutions and local partners through survey...
Ideas and experiences. Situation & Stakeholder analysis (Section 4.1 above) can help with designing the strategies and approaches for triggering that are appropriate. For instance, the triggers might not be disgust, but arousing anger or a determination to fight for the right to adequate sanitation service provision by government or help elicit champions and activists who mobilise urban communities to demand their rights for services. Such analysis should also help in the identification of suitable triggering units and identify potential champions or leaders to involve. The basic tools for triggering in urban areas are typically the same as those used in rural areas: community mapping, transect walk, shit calculation, medical expenses calculation, mapping faecal- oral transmission, and shit and food/water. However, several adaptations and additions have been made to the triggering tools depending on the particular challenges and opportunities of different urban contexts. In Nakuru, Kenya it was extremely hard to gather a crowd and keep them interested in the triggering, so a theatre group was brought along to perform comedy sketches about sanitation at the start of the event and in between each triggering tool to encourage people to stay engaged. In Mathare, Kenya community mapping on the ground proved a challenge due to the lack of space In Fort Dauphin, Madagascar, transect walks were not possible as there are only narrow pathways between houses and people had to walk in single file making collective observation and discussion problematic, therefore this tool was omitted. In Nala, Nepal, data about the extent of water contamination at each of the key water sources around the community was posted up on a sign board which shocked and motivated participants. Institutions can be triggered with data, maps, photos etc. In many places it was observed that triggering needs to be done very fast in an urban context. Facilitators need to grab people’s attention and work quickly to keep people engaged right through to the commitment and planning stage. As triggering is done fast, several triggering events (with different communities) can be done in one day. In addition to using different tools, multiple targeted triggering events have often been employed with different stakeholder groups or at different locations to ensure that all elements of the community are reached with triggering messages. Sometimes repeat triggering events are required as different members of the populatio...
Ideas and experiences. Many of the same monitoring tools can be used in urban as for rural including reporting formats (developed by communities, government or NGOs); and participatory methods such as transect walks and spot checks by natural leaders or external people; or visually marking households who have built a latrine on a community map. Whilst monitoring, verification and certification in urban areas would appear to be more complex, experiences shared in the workshop illustrated that there are also opportunities for innovative and effective practice aided by the urban context. Firstly, the much greater connectivity to the internet means there are opportunities for the using ICTs for monitoring, for example posting photos on blogs, facebook, WhatsApp. In Nairobi, GIS tools were used to map sanitation and other services such as drainage in Mathare (xxxx://xxx.xxxxxxxxx.xxx/) In Nakuru, Kenya, an ICT tool was used for monitoring allowing Community Health Volunteers to collect relevant data on mobile phones, including photos, which was automatically uploaded to a database with the GPS location. The collated data helped project staff and Public Health Officers to assess progress and identify plots that were slow to improve. The closer proximity between communities can facilitate more regular monitoring by external stakeholders such as NGO staff, government agents (Public Health Officers, Health Extension Workers, etc.) as there is less distance to travel to reach many communities. Furthermore, the range of different actors involved in monitoring may be greater in urban areas. Alongside informal Natural Leaders, there are often active government trained Community Health Volunteers; landlords might be involved in monitoring tenants and vice versa; WASH Coordination Committees might be more active; etc. The dynamics of urban areas makes the commitment of Natural Leaders more necessary and its more important for them to be dynamic. In the case of Gulariya, Nepal, monitoring was carried out by Female Community Health Workers and WATSAN volunteers who were local to the communities, complemented by frequent visits from NGO social mobilisers and members of the WASH Coordination Committees at Xxxx and Municipal levels. This consistent and regular interest in community progress towards ODF certainly encouraged and facilitated the speedy progress towards declaration, verification and certification. A population of 30,000 across 11 peri-urban wards achieved ODF within a 5 month period. C...
