Development Context. 28. In 2010, Viet Nam attained lower middle-income country status and is now well settled in the ranks of countries that have achieved medium human development. Over the past two decades, Viet Nam has achieved rapid economic growth and has significantly reduced overall poverty rates, from 58.1 percent in 1993 to 14.5 percent in 2008, raising the living standards of the entire population. The country is on track to meet, or has met, a majority of the Millennium Development Goals at a national level. The country’s institutions are more sophisticated and mature after two decades of doi moi (renovation) reform, with increased engagement and participation in particular by the National Assembly and the media. Viet Nam is also increasingly engaged in global and regional institutions, having acceded to the World Trade Organization in 2007, and was a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council (2008-2009) and Chair of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 2010.
Development Context. The extractive sector includes oil and gas, and the mining of minerals and metals. These industries have become increasingly important in over 50 developing countries, home to some 3.5 billion people. This is in part due to the global resource boom, which has seen an increase in foreign direct investment, exports, government revenues, national income, and employment in the extractive sector. Global mining investments have increased more than fourfold in the last decade to nearly $80 billion per year. In Latin America alone, global spending on exploration for nonferrous metals was expected to increase by 50% to $18.2 billion in 2012 compared to 2010 figures. A new wave of increasingly important developing country producers has emerged in the wake of the resource boom, often fuelled by large- scale foreign investment. For instance, Peru has become an important producer of copper and zinc, Mongolia of copper and coal, and Mozambique of coal and gas. Global resource trade of primary commodities has grown nearly 50% from a decade ago due to expanding trade in oil, iron and steel, coal, oilseeds and cereals. In 2011, exports of oil and minerals from Africa, Asia and Central and South America were worth about $1,408 trillion – over 10 times the value of international aid. Governments stand to collect significant revenues from the extractive sector. Africa’s resource revenue will grow to $565-$790 billion by 2020. Natural resources accounted for 24% of Africa’s GDP growth from 2000-2008, and this figure will likely increase given the sector’s forecasted growth. Africa is known to have about 30% of world’s reserves of extractive resources. In 0000, Xxxxxx had over 10% of the world’s proven oil reserves and supplied over 12% to the global market. These are modest estimates of the full extent of Africa’s mineral wealth. The extractive sector, particularly the mining sector, provides direct and indirect livelihoods for many people in developing countries. In 2010, the formal mining sector employed 2.2 million workers in developing countries. In the informal sector, artisanal and small-scale mining is one of the world’s fastest growing industries. It employs an estimated 25 million people worldwide, and indirectly supports more than 150 million people. Recognizing the expected growth and significance of financial flows in the extractive sector, resource-rich developing countries are increasingly seeking assistance to harness the sector’s growth to pull themselves out o...
Development Context. Through its Global Development Alliance (GDA), USAID has developed a public- private alliance strategy that leverages private sector resources for development goals. GDA criteria for public-private alliances (PPAs) are as follows: At least 1:1 leverage (in cash and in-kind) of USAID resources Commonly-defined goals and development solutions Non-traditional partners (companies, foundations, and others) Shared resources, risks and results Innovative, sustainable approaches USAID/SL assessments have in the past concluded that inequitable regional distribution of economic development helped fuel Sri Lanka’s prolonged conflict. To address disparities, its PPA program seeks to expand economic activity in the conflict-affected Northern and Eastern Provinces. USAID/SL has acquired substantial experience in leveraging private sector funds to promote economic growth in lagging regions, thereby consolidating post-conflict stabilization. Private firms provide capital, market access, sustainability and expertise, while USAID supplies funding, technical assistance and guidance on policy influence. Building on USAID/SL’s established economic growth portfolios, PPAs create jobs and generate income, primarily in conflict-affected northern and eastern regions. USAID/SL particularly seeks domestic firms as partners. Partners must demonstrate respect for human rights, ethnic balance, gender sensitivity, integration of people with disabilities and other vulnerabilities, decent work conditions, environmental protection and community involvement in their operational practices. Within USAID’s PPA program, USAID has collaborated with Aqua N Green, a Sri Lankan firm, in establishing the Integrated Aquaculture Project (IAP). IAP aims to boost incomes in the Northern and Eastern provinces, where long coastlines and brackish lagoons make aquaculture a promising opportunity. A three-year alliance will help 1,300 households establish aquaculture practice in cage fish farming, hiking beneficiary incomes as much as 300 percent. IAP will train participants on best practices; oversee certification under Global G.A.P standards; and enter into buyback agreements securing producer returns. Within three years, IAP will yield an estimated 2,000 metric tons of fish annually. It will produce 4800 floating fish- farm cage units. Training for fish farmers will cover the following topics, among others: site selection; cage construction and maintenance; identifying and handling healthy finge...
Development Context. Developing Sustainable Solutions to Water Challenges through Education and Research Water resource management is a cross cutting issue that can prevent or promote sustainable development. A lack of access to clean water and water for production can disproportionately affect community health and economic productivity. Agriculture, for example, is a vital sector in Ethiopia for over 80 million people, accounting for 42 percent of GDP and employing more than 85 percent of the labor force (more than 40 million peoples). Most farmers are dependent on rain-fed agriculture but struggle on lands that are highly degraded and in need of sustainable soil and water conservation interventions. Irrigated agriculture (from micro to large scales) is contributing more and more to the economic sector, but with no proven irrigation water governance system for community managed irrigation schemes, water technology access challenges, and little knowledge about local hydrological systems, many attempted irrigation schemes fail. Good sanitation and hygiene and access to potable water also depend heavily on the availability of sustainable water access and distribution systems. Poor sanitation leads to diarrheal diseases, which are responsible for 22% of all deaths of children under five (UNICEF). Poor personal and household hygiene can lead to trachoma, increased rate of infections, and a number of other diseases. While there have been many improvements in WASH systems, still only 54% of households have access to improved drinking water and only 61.6 per cent of households have access to some form of sanitation. Ethiopia has a need for research and development that addresses these water challenges and for faculty to train the next generation of water resource managers. The number of students attending college in Ethiopia has grown rapidly and universities have struggled to find skilled faculty to meet the increase in demand. Enrollment in undergraduate degree programs in Ethiopia increased from 138,159 (with 24% females) in 2004 to 447,693 (with 27% females) in 2011. Enrollment in post- graduate degree programs increased from 3,604 (with 9.2% females) to 20,150 (with 13.8% females) during the same period (MOE 2011). As one university administrator commented, “Our problem is a lack of staff. Universities opened more quickly than Ethiopian engineers and educators could earn higher degrees. Most lecturers … only have bachelor’s degrees. …. The growing pains are most acutely felt in ...
Development Context. Manchester remains a pro-development local authority. Planning policy and the assessment of individual planning applications are informing decisions to effectively meet both residential and employment requirements within a land constrained local authority area. The Article 4 Directions have enabled the planning team to undertake a detailed review of proposals, ensuring that expected development standards are satisfied and an appropriate development mix is maintained. Since the current exemption areas came into force in 2019, a high level and variety of development has continued to be delivered to support Manchester to realise both its employment and residential growth ambitions. Within the areas covered by the directions, 7,135 residential units have been delivered as part of 107 schemes. At the end of March 2020, a further 16,984 residential units were also in possession of an extant planning permission across the city. Records show that: • Residential and employment development are being supported in tandem with schemes for both uses being delivered across the city. • The requirement for employment space remains high with 383,459m2 delivered citywide between 2018 and 2020 and a further 568,102m2 of approvals in place across the city to continue to support the pipeline. This is sufficient to accommodate more than 22,000 additional jobs. • The ability to control the residential schemes being brought forward remains important. Examples have been identified of units being proposed that are considerably smaller than the Manchester Residential Quality Guidance 2017 minimum requirement of 50m2 for a one bedroom, two person dwelling3 and challenges to ensure that residential units are not impacted by noise transfer from neighbouring uses (including an example of new homes being proposed above a nightclub). The ability to build on this experience can be secured through the approval of a new set of exemptions for E(g) stock within defined areas of the city.
Development Context. During the adaptation of the curricula, the national context plays a formative role. This includes cultural aspects, political systems, economic development, environmental factors, technological factors, employment patterns and similar others. Each of these contextual parameters has impact on the national curricula justifying the need for adaptation.
Development Context. In negotiations, Riverdale Hospital representatives advised that their plans for the Jail were preliminary and that the Hospital would only purchase the property and provide a Heritage Easement Agreement (HEA) acceptable to the Hospital. Therefore the HEA would have to permit adaptive reuse of the Jail without the need to further amend the HEA. The HEA for the Jail would define the broad scope of permitted alterations, even though the Hospital cannot detail the alterations at this time. This is a challenge as, normally, alterations are not approved unless an owner has submitted architectural plans specifying the proposed alterations.
