Influences. Identification and Formation of Customary International Law It is evident from the survey of jurisprudence in Chapter 2 that Assembly resolutions have played a role in the development of customary international law. Still, early sceptics did not believe Assembly resolutions to offer a reliable enough picture of the expectations of States, or pointed to a discord between votes in the Assembly from the ‘rougher climate’ of State practice.505 Judge Xxxxxxxx, writing extra judicially, once cautioned that Member States of the UN ‘often vote casually’, do not ‘meaningfully support what a resolution says’ and ‘almost always do not mean that the resolution is law’.506 States have also voted for resolutions in the past as a means to forestall more effective legal action on an issue, which was the apparent strategy of the US and UK in supporting Resolution 96 (I) (1946) instead of an earlier adoption of a convention on genocide.507 There are, similarly, many instances where Member States reserve their position, such as to approve or make suggestions in relation to a resolution on the proviso that it does not represent their final view.508 Based on these criticisms, resolutions remain non-binding instruments from which opinio juris cannot be inferred. However, the frequent recognition, both by Member States and legal bodies, that Assembly resolutions are capable of playing some role in the construction of customary international law shows these criticisms to be overstated. While a particular resolution might not reflect the legal position of Member States, it is too sweeping a statement to assert that they are never capable of doing so.509 As the ILC has also noted in the commentary to its 2018 study on the identification of customary international law (CIL Conclusions), resolutions, although strictly speaking acts of the organisation itself, are relevant in that they ‘may reflect the collective expression of the views of such States: when they purport (explicitly or implicitly) to touch upon legal matters, the resolutions may afford an insight into the attitudes of the Member States towards such matters.’510 Indeed, the ILC noted ‘special attention should be placed’ on resolutions of the Assembly, being ‘a plenary organ of the [UN] with virtually 504 Xxxxx, ‘Changing World’ (n 54), 67. 505 Xxxxxxxx, ‘The Effect of Resolutions’ (n 21), 308. See also Xxxxxxxxxxx Xxxxxx, ‘UN General Assembly Resolutions and International Law: Rethinking the Contemporary Dynamics of Nor...
Influences. The development of this strategy has been influenced by several sources. Some internal to Council, other external such as community or other government bodies. Sources influencing this strategy are: Corporate governance requirements Operational Plan & Delivery Programme Community Strategic Plan Auditor (External & Internal) Enterprise Risk Management Terminology The following terms and acronyms are used throughout this document: BCP Business Continuity Plan, provides details on major incident management and plans for keeping the business operational during or as a result of a CCTV Closed Circuit Television, a private camera system that is centrally Council Murrumbidgee Council Data Sovereignt Refers to data subject to the laws of the country in which it has been DRP Disaster Recovery Plan, document(s) that detail the recovery steps from a disaster event. Generally, sits under the BCP providing detailed ICT Information, Communications and Technology Malware Software that installs itself onto vulnerable computers where it either extracts information or acts as a remote agent (or BOT) to execute MFA or 2FA Multi or Two Factor Authentication, an additional layer of security requiring people to authorise new logins by approving or entering a code from a MSA Managed Service Agreement Covers the requirements of the MSP when managing Council’s ICT environment MSP Managed Service Provider Phishing Emails intended to extract information or funds from people, generally by SPAM Unsolicited emails the flood mailboxes with advertised content. Virtual Servers Software versions of physical servers, they operate the same as a physical server however have the benefit of sharing underlining infrastructure to improve utilisation of hardware resources. Also makes them more portable Business Services To effectively conduct Council operations, numerous ICT services are maintained. The following table layouts the current set of services. Business Service System(s) Requireme nt Source Delivery Finance Civica Authority Internal On-premise Purchasing Civica Authority Internal On-premise Payroll Civica Authority Internal On-premise Payment (inc Rates) Civica Authority Internal On-premise Work Order Civica Authority Internal On-premise Fleet Civica Authority Document Management Content Manager Legislation On-premise Mapping IntraMaps Internal On-premise Mapping (Corporate) Mapinfo Internal On-premise DR Management Recover RMS Roads and other Reflect RMS On-premise Council as...
Influences. The Qianhai Culture invests and holds equity of overseas hotels in Europe, North America, etc. The Tianjin Airlines Company Limited (controlled subsidiary of the Company) would accept 58.75% fund shares of the Shenzhen Qianhai Culture Tourism Fund, which is beneficial for the Company to improve its service support ability and service quality of international air transportation. It would also help to enhance the profit-earning ability of its auxiliary business and create a diversified operation mode to better cope with the operation risks of aviation industry.
