Literature Review. Kuwait is a small country with massive oil reserves, whose economy has been traditionally dominated by the state and its oil industry. Kuwait’s citizens (86% employees) benefit from the generosity of welfare financed by oil revenues (52% of GDP in 2011, more than 95% of budgetary revenue) state. The country, which has the 6th oil reserves in the world, releases considerable surpluses ($ 47 billion for the fiscal year 2011-2012) that allow it to invest heavily abroad with some success (44 billion dollars IDE and $ 120 billion in investment portfolios over the period 2004-2010). The nominal GDP of the emirate, estimated at $ 177 billion for the 2011-2012 fiscal year, instead Kuwait 3rd largest country CEEAG tied with Qatar, behind Saudi Arabia ($ 560 billion) and the United Arab Emirates ($ 358 billion). GDP per capita ($ 46 495 in 2011) instead Kuwait 2nd highest in the GCC, behind Qatar30. Inflation remains at a reasonable level and controlled (2.9% on average in 2012, given the weight of imported foods). The balance of trade balance showed a surplus of nearly $ 58.8 billion for the 2011-2012 fiscal years (against just under $ 48 billion in 2010-2011). Because of its high sensitivity to the oil market, the global crisis has had a severe impact on the economy in 2009: GDP fell by 5.2%. But with the recovery in oil prices and increasing production, GDP is rising again in 2010 to reach $ 177 billion for the 2011-2012 fiscal year. Growth was 8.3% in 2011 and 6.3% in 2012. The economy remains poorly diversified despite government announcements of capital investment required for the development of the country. Implementation of the 2010-2014 quadrennial development of $ 127 billion was 28 Xxxxxxx, X. (1991), ‘The Design and Administration of E-mail Surveys’, Annual Reviews of Sociology, Vol. 17, pp. 225-249 29 Xxxxxxx, X. (2000), Research methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach, 3rd Edition. Xxxx Xxxxx and Sons Inc: Chichester. 30 Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx, and Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx. "Economic growth and social indicators: an exploratory analysis." Economic Development and Cultural Change 46, no. 3 (1998): 455-489. passed in 2009. The implementation has been slow but the first major projects of 2010-2014 development plan was launched in the second half of 2011, marking a turning point in the economic life of Kuwait Hydrocarbon industries accounts for a great percentage of the Kuwaiti economy. Like most GCC countries that are greatly reliant on rents from hydrocarbon...
Literature Review. The problem considered in the thesis can be classified as a periodic vessel routing and fleet sizing problem with time window, multiple usages of vessels, speed optimization. A number of problem aspects stand out from the classification, namely periodic routing, fleet sizing and mix, and multiple uses of vehicles during the multi-period planning horizon. Many authors have been worked on periodic vehicle routing problem and there is a wide variety of literature on this topic. At the same time most of the research focused on narrow aspects of that problem. Xxxxxxx et al. (2004), Xxxxxxx et al. (2005), Xxxxxxx et al. (2007), Xxxxxx et al. (2007) and Xxxxxxxxxx et al. (2009) involve routing and scheduling decisions, but duration of vessel voyage is not limited like in our case. Xxxxxxxxxxxx et al. (2007) studied routing side of periodic vessel supply planning problem, while Xxxxxxxxx and Xxxxxxxx (2000) focused on scheduling and vessel assignment. As far as exact methods for the PSVPP are concerned, Xxxxxxxxx-Xxxxx et al. (2009) have proposed several of them. The first uses an arc flow model, the second is based on the preliminary generation of all cheapest feasible voyages. Xxxxxxxxx and Lindstad (2000) address the problem of finding an efficient fleet composition and schedule for delivering supplies from a single onshore depot to multiple offshore installations in the North Sea. The fleet size and mix routing problem was studied by Xxxxxx et al. (1984). The objective was to determine optimal fleet size and mix by minimizing a total cost function which includes fixed cost and variable cost components. Xxxxxxxx et al. (1996) studied the VRP with multiple usages of vehicles. The problem of assigning each vehicle to one or more routes over a planning period of fixed duration. Xxxxxxx and Xxxxxx (1997) presented a xxxx search algorithm for the multi-trip vehicle routing problem. The method was developed to tackle real distribution problems, taking into account most of the constraints that appear in practice. And in 1998 they compared a simplified version of this xxxx search algorithm (only multiple trips and maximum driving time per day are considered) with the heuristic presented by Xxxxxxxx et al., mentioned above. Some authors tried to combine ship routing and scheduling with speed determination. Xxxxxxx (1981) propose to select the mix of available ships and sea speeds that can perform the required service at maximum profitability to the owner. Xxxxx et al (1...
Literature Review. This chapter seeks to review the major theoretical and empirical research in the field of national identity, language learning and language attitude. The section will discuss how these concepts are connected and aim to identify the notion of national identity with regards to language learning and MOI and to analyze the constructs of investment, imagined community and community which are closely related to the identity formation processes. Firstly, definitions of trilingual education and information about its establishment in the Kazakhstani context will be presented. Then, the section on national identity will look at the main theories in this field – essentialist and constructivist. It will then progress to an elucidation of the ethnic and civic models of national identity as described by Xxxxx (1991) and Xxxxxxxx (1994). The chapter will also present the literature on national identity in Kazakhstan, specifically the opposition of the two notions Kazakhness and Kazakhstanness, which represent the civic and ethnic models. The studies on the link between identity and language learning will be analyzed further followed by the previous research on the influence of language acquisition on the development of global awareness. Moreover, the link between national identity and the medium of instruction will be discussed. The chapter will then dwell on the concepts of investment, imagined communities and imagined identities and their correlation with identity. Finally, the theoretical framework of the current study will be provided at the end of this literature review chapter. Multilingualism across the World Multilingualism currently stands as a substantial element in the educational sphere worldwide. During the UNESCO’s General Conference which took place in 1999, the notion of “multilingual education” was authorized by UNESCO (Polatova et al, 2020). The term refers to education provided in at least three languages which include students’ first language and two other languages that are regional and international (UNESCO, 2003). However, according to Xxxxxx et al (2006), multilingual education refers to “education where more than two languages are used as the languages of instruction in subjects other than the languages themselves” (p. 16). Thus, the number of countries that have introduced a third language into their educational contexts is gradually increasing, and Kazakhstan is one of them. Many children experience the acquisition of a third language in edu...
Literature Review. This research sits at the intersection of criminological accounts of state violence and political violence, investigations of nation-building processes, studies of nationalism and associated commemorative practices, and critical approaches to transitional justice. This research is situated between these literature clusters in order to locate the End within the context of social relations and methods of governance in Sri Lanka. This approach necessitated an exploration of the relevant historical, socio-economic, political and cultural structures. This thesis aims to contribute to a growing literature base that combines political and institutional analysis with an interrogation of state violence and atrocity, the cultural foundations of power relations, and processes of militarisation and minority subjugation that operate in the service of Sinhala-Buddhist nationalism in Sri Lanka (de Xxx, 2007, 2012; de Xxx and Xxxxxxxx, 2012; xx Xxxxx, 2007; Xxxxxxxxxxx, 2011, 2013; Xxxxxxxxxxxxx and xx Xxxxx, 1998; Xxxxxx and Xxxxxxxxxxx, 1995). State crime was a central resource for my methodological approach (Xxxxx and Xxxx, 2006). The 9/11 attacks and the attendant extensions and abuses of state power have been a catalyst for “investments in the potential of human rights” by criminologists (Xxxxxx and Xxxxxx, 2013). Criminological research has become a component of an agenda of activism, litigation and scholarship in response to the ‘War on Terror’. State crime, a scholarship within the field that has long connected with human rights, engages with human rights reports as documentary evidence of state violence and victimhood, seeking “to expose violations when they occur” (Xxxxxxx, 2007: 190). Green and Xxxx (2004) define state crime as “state organised deviance involving the violation of human rights.” While human rights resources are relied upon, state crime includes critiques of the limiting, legalistic and hegemonic nature of rights regimes (Xxxxx, 1996; Xxxxxx and Xxxxxx, 2013). Analysis and reports by non-governmental organisations (NGOs), human rights organisations and the United Nations (UN) represented one primary source of information on the End in 2009, outside of the information provided by the government of Sri Lanka itself. XxXxxxxx (1984) would categorise these reports as an “alternative view”, outside of the state’s monopoly on coercive forces and control of the media. In 2012, the UN produced a self-critical report on its actions in Sri Lanka at the End...
Literature Review. To set our research question in the proper context it is desirable to discuss two interrelated strands of the empirical literature on the IMF. The first is the IMF catalytic effects literature, which examines the effect of IMF lending on capital flows. The second is the IMF-induced moral hazard literature, which argues that IMF lending reduces risk perception mainly among investors and generates moral hazard. The focus of the IMF catalytic effects literature is whether IMF lending catalyzes private capital flows, which are needed to cover the external finance needs of countries undertaking macroeconomic and structural adjustment. The catalysis stems from the informational role of the IMF and the liquidity that IMF programs provide (Xxxxxxx 1995; Bird and Xxxxxxxx 2000). In addition, by agreeing to an IMF program the government can signal its commitment to economic reform. Bird and Xxxxxxxx (2000) argue that by putting at stake own resources, the IMF would improve the quality of adjustment advice. IMF lending achieves some risk-sharing function at the same time it helps reduce the financing gap in program countries. Private markets can respond positively to the liquidity and commitment factors resulting in positive catalytic effects. The IMF catalytic effects have received mixed support in the empirical literature. Some studies have found that the presence of significant catalytic effects depends on whether private lending is a substitute or a complement to IMF lending (Xxxxx 1992; Bird 1994 and 1995). The evidence however leans towards IMF lending being a substitute for private capital flows (Faini et al 1991; Killick 1995), and therefore IMF lending does not generate significant catalytic effect. One important issue that the IMF catalytic effects literature failed to address is the influence of IMF lending on the maturity composition of capital flows, in particular short-term lending flows. Short-term lending matters because it is a major contributing factor to the Mexican and East Asian financial crises of the second half of the 1990s and is important if we want to avert similar crises in the MENA region. We focus on the maturity composition of international capital flows in this paper. In the IMF-induced moral hazard literature, IMF lending has been criticized for its moral hazard impact on international financial markets. Calomiris (1998), for example, have argued that IMF programs have led to moral hazard with less prudent policies of risk taking by l...
Literature Review. A-E shall conduct a literature review to determine which species have been identified as special status by state, federal, and local resources agencies and organizations, and have a potential to occur on the project site or in the immediate vicinity. Sources to be reviewed include: (1) special status species lists from the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), and California Native Plant Society (CNPS); (2) database searches of the California Natural Diversity Database (CNDDB) and the Electronic Inventory of the CNPS; (3) the most recent Federal Register listing package and critical habitat determination for each federally Endangered or Threatened species potentially occurring on the project site; (4) the CDFG Annual Report on the status of California’s listed Threatened and Endangered plants and animals; and (5) other biological studies conducted in the vicinity of the project site.
Literature Review. This chapter summarizes the literature1, both classical and recent ones, on moral hazard in teams, relational contract and inequity aversion. In a simple model with one principal and one agent, we know that moral hazard problem is solved by conditioning the agent’s wage on the final output. When the principal does not exert effort, the efficient outcome for the economy as a whole can be maintained at a cost from the principal side. However, in team production where every team members are supposed to contribute towards the final output, incentive provision may be very hard and tedious, especially when the total output generated by the team is the only information that can be measured and contracted upon. In this case, free rider problem arises when the share of output is the only source of incentive ( Xxxxxxxxx [1982]). 1Here we only include general review of the relative literatures, for more discussion on detailed topics please refer to each chapters respectively. When team members’ payoffs are expressed as functions of the output, we describe the set of functions across all members as the sharing rule within the team. A sharing rule is balanced if the share received by each agent can be summed up to the final output, namely the output will be fully distributed among the team members under balanced sharing. Xxxxxxxxx [1982] shows that under balanced sharing rules, each agent will be willing to exert first-best effort if and only if the agent received a full share of the output. Otherwise agents’ would always have incentive to xxxxx. As the efficiency loss by shirking will be shared among all team members while the agent who shirks saves the full effort cost. Therefore Xxxxxxxxx [1982] suggested a punishing scheme which solves the incen- tive problem by introducing a principal who doesn’t exert effort into the team. No matter who shirks, the principal will be able to punish the entire group based on the output level. However, this heavy punishment makes the principal benefit from project failure which makes him prefer the agents to xxxxx. Thus the en- forcement of such budget breaking scheme has been doubted. The moral hazard problem arises on the principal’s side that he can collude with one agent making him xxxxx( Xxxxxxx and Xxxxxx [1984]). Apart from the budget-breaking scheme, relative performance measure or tour- nament is widely used. In firms that use internal promotion as incentives, the principal could create a pool of rewards, and each agent’s...
Literature Review. This literature review will outline the recent scholarship on the importance of early childhood development, particularly in the context of rural communities in India. Early Childhood Development Early childhood is the most intensive period for brain development. During this period, adequate stimulation and nutrition are necessary to ensure proper development in the first three years of life (Xxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 1980). These are the years that a child’s brain is the most sensitive to environmental influences. If the environment contains proper nutrition as well as affection and stimulation, the child will develop and learn adequately (Xxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 1980). This illustrates how early childhood development results from multidirectional interactions between biological factors (genes, brain growth, neuromuscular maturation) and environmental influences (parent-child relationships, community characteristics, cultural norms) over time (Xxxxxxxx & Xxxxxxxx, 2000). Thus, when children spend their early years in a less stimulating, or less emotionally and physically supportive environment, brain development is affected, which leads to cognitive, social, and behavioral delays (WHO, 2009). As a result, understanding the interaction of all domains of development is critical in addressing early childhood needs. The traditional domains of development: physical, cognitive, socio-emotional, and language are interrelated and interdependent. Recently published research conducted in Bangladesh found that psychosocial stimulation was equally as important for motor skill development as good nutrition (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2006). Physical growth after the age of six has been shown to be highly dependent upon hormonal secretions triggered by affection and social interaction (Xxxxxx et al., 2005). Additionally, research has determined that growth failure in children can be as much the result of emotional neglect as poor diet (Xxxxxxx, 2000). Early childhood development also shows a direct correlation with early learning, school readiness, retention, and success in primary school (EFA, 2007). Effective early childhood development programs enhance children’s physical well- being, cognitive and language skills, and social and emotional development, thus increasing their propensity for learning. Consequently, investing in early childhood development programs is essential to the development of the national economy (Young, 1996). Increasing children’s ability to learn will increase the retu...
Literature Review. X. Xxxxxxxxxxx use among Hispanic women in the U.S. Several studies have been conducted to assess potential reasons or barriers for lower mammography adherence among minority and/or Hispanic women in the U.S. Study findings can be classified into 4 areas: 1) immigration related factors, 2) insurance and access issues, 3) test related factors, and 4) inter-/intra- personal factors. Immigration related factors and their impact on mammography have been assessed in multiple studies. Results have indicated that those who are undocumented or are experiencing difficulties with their immigration are less likely to receive a mammogram (Xxxxxxx et al., 2011). In addition, factors related to being an immigrant, including less time spent living in the U.S., being foreign born, or reporting lower levels of acculturation and assimilation have also been associated mammography non-compliance (Xxxxxxxxx et al., 2005; Xxxxxxx-Xxxxx et al., 2005). Language related barriers, namely English not being the predominant language spoken, have also associated with mammography non-compliance (Xxxxxx et al., 2005; Jacobs et al., 2005; Xxxxxx et al., 2012; Xxxxxxxxxxx & Xxxxxxxx, 2010). Findings related to mammography and immigration related factors have not been consistent (Xxxxxxx-Xxxxx et al., 2005; Xxxxxxxxx et al., 2005; Xxxxxx et al., 2012; Xxxxxx et al., 2011). This may be explained by differing or inconsistent measures of acculturation and assimilation across studies or due to sampling differences and heterogeneity of Hispanic subgroups, or lack thereof, in study samples. Since approximately 37% of Hispanics living in the U.S. are foreign born (Ennis et al., 2011), immigration related factors may impact the mammography compliance of a significant segment of the population. A number of studies have highlighted insurance and access to care related issues and their potential impact on mammography uptake. One of the most frequent and consistent conclusions is that lack of health insurance and affordability are major barriers to mammography screening among minority and/or Hispanic women (Alexandraki & Xxxxxxxxx, 2010; Xxxxxxxxx et al., 2005; Shelton et al, 2011; Xxxx et al., 2009; Xxxxxxxx et al., 2008). In addition, research studies have shown that one of the strongest predictors of mammography screening is receiving a physician recommendation for screening (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2008). However, since Hispanic women are less likely to have a usual source of care, they are usually less l...
Literature Review. The BLM completed a records review and annotated bibliography of inventory related to Routes for the WEMO Plan Revision to assist in the development of NEPA alternatives. The BLM will conduct additional literature reviews in order to have current data in advance of subsequent cultural inventories and to ensure properly identified research themes for the development of the Evaluation Plan for Phase 6 of the Undertaking, and as described in Stipulation IV(vi)(f)(3). Additional literature reviews may include more extensive scholarly research to identify particular property types; such methods of identification may include but are not limited to ethnographic research; examination of old maps and surveyors’ reports; oral histories; interviews with Xxxxxx Xxxxxx; and examination of primary archival resources such as Mission Records and travelers’ diaries.