Concluding Thoughts. The significance of these findings is useful for directing future policy and research. It has been uncovered that the explicit terms of agreements are fair for all those involved, but may discriminate against those not involved. This implies two things: First, further study regarding the equity of agreements should not be conducted by looking at the terms of the treaties. Rather, it may be more useful to look at the specificity, durability and implementation of the agreements. Since agreements generally avoid contentious issues, the specificity of the agreements regarding salient issues may be a better indicator of the effectiveness of agreements. The durability of the agreements should also be analyzed, since it is fair to expect that the longer an agreement remains in effect without one party requesting to revise it, the fairer it is in the long term. Finally, the implementation of the agreements is arguably more important than the drafting of those agreements. Even if agreements tackle highly contentious issues, implementation may prove to be impossible, rendering the entire agreement useful, regardless of how fair it may seem. A second implication regarding the fairness of agreements concerns the inclusiveness of the agreement or organization. Agreements are fair for those involved in the agreement, but as the Xxxx Xxxxxx Treaty of 1959 has revealed, they discriminate against the other actors. A sound policy would follow the lines of the NBI and equitably encompass all actors in a basin. The effects of power parity may be further understood if cases are studied that involve an overtaking of power. If a country like Sudan grows more powerful than Egypt, then the relationships may be very different. It would directly involve power transition theory and necessitate the consideration of satisfaction with the status quo (Xxxxx & Xxxxxx, 1996). The significant effects of scarcity and dependence deserve further attention. Tackling water allocation issues are easier to do before the levels of scarcity are too great. The reason for this is because continuous cooperation fosters further cooperation. Thus, if the cooperative efforts begin early, the likelihood of cooperation over very salient issues may be greater. Furthermore, the levels of scarcity change significantly every year, and therefore may present unique policy issues each year. Research needs to be updated consistently to be able to provide current and relevant policy prescriptions. This research focu...
Concluding Thoughts. A deficit of systems experiments to evaluate copper-free management strategies Although a large number of factorial trials have been conducted to evaluate individual alternatives to copper, the literature review for this ESCo found only a small number of “systems” experiments designed to assess the efficacy and other performance criteria (labour requirements, energy requirements, economic return, etc.) of complete crop protection regimes without copper. This lack of systems investigations is unfortunate given that (as shown by the trials of individual methods) the discontinuation of copper will require a sophisticated integration of multiple, partially effective methods followed by an optimization of the resulting combinations. Nevertheless, those efforts that have been made to adopt a more systemic approach and to evaluate integrated strategies for crop protection show strong potential for the total or partial elimination of copper applications, in particularly in systems making use of varieties with a good level of resistance. Moreover, it is interesting to note that reduced applications of copper (or of other fungicides in conventional systems) are compatible with several of these alternative levers (genetic resistance, of course, but also some PDS and biocontrol agents), reinforcing efficacy by limiting pathogen pressure. Existing studies have only rarely sought to assess the secondary effects, beneficial or otherwise, of these integrated strategies. At a minimum, evaluating and making use of the synergistic effects between partially effective practices would assist in developing combined management strategies. Significant potential for the development of innovations… A review of the scientific literature, supplemented by surveys of commercial biocontrol product companies, suggest that a large number of new biocontrol products and formulations are currently in the pipeline. Information on these R&D efforts is nevertheless too partial (given confidentiality and intellectual property protections) to permit a full picture of the new applications (including new active ingredients and new targets) that can be expected to appear on the market over the next five years. … but more research is needed on the underlying economic models… Future development of the biocontrol market depends on industrial actors of various sizes and structures, but a majority of these are small companies with limited financial resources. This raises the question of business strategie...
Concluding Thoughts. The UK/Norway Agreement allows the Parties considerable flexibility as to how they will manage common fisheries matters. Indeed, the agreement is perhaps more symbolic than substantive in that it really only provides a starting point for more detailed agreements. Given the basic nature of its provisions, its impact on fisheries can only really be judged by how it will be implemented in practice. In this respect, I would make three key observations. First, a key test will be ensuring that any access 34 Above (n 25) Art 8. 35 Ibid, Art 9. and quota measures adopted under the agreement respect scientific advice on sustainable fishing levels. There is nothing in the agreement that ties the parties to the use of scientific advice in any specific way. The failure of decision-makers to adhere to scientific advice is a widely recognised deficiency of fisheries management regimes.36 There is nothing in this framework to suggest a more robust approach to following scientific advice will be taken. Second, given that licensing is a devolved matter, there is a potential for disputes to arise within the UK as to how best manage the licensing and coordination of foreign fishing activities in UK waters that are subject to different control under the regulatory competence of the devolved administrations. Whilst this is a domestic constitutional law matter, it still has implications for the smooth operation of the agreement in practice. Third, a bilateral agreement between the UK and Norway is only one component of a wider regional fisheries management regime. A large number of stocks are shared between the UK, Norway and the EU. Moreover, fishing in the region is conduct by a large number of UK, Norwegian and EU vessels in each other’s waters. The current balance of fishing opportunities reflects historic entitlements, as well as more complex trade- offs in respect of quotas for different species. As such wider cooperation in their management is required. Although the UK is keen to advance a new approach to fisheries management based on regular annual negotiations, these will be difficult to separate from long standing historic claims to access and quota, and wider political pressures related to trade and access to markets, both for seafood and goods and services more generally. Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx Professor of International Law The University of Lincoln, UK
Concluding Thoughts. In this chapter on the administrative and socio-political framework surrounding diasporic music productions, we can see how cultural productions of Lebanese musicians are embedded in a range of diversity-sensitive practices that aim to provide Arab musicians with curatorial agency. Looking closely at the funding schemes of INM, DAAD and Goethe Institute that Lebanese musicians engage with, one can see that funding administrators are equally keen for networks to develop from within the scene by providing the following structures. First, distributing resources by putting formerly marginalised musicians, rather than funding administrators, in charge of the curation, artistic direction and distribution of the funding. Second, institutional administrators make a conscious effort of institutions to take a back seat in the organisation of performances, panels, and network meetings. Third, we can see a diversification in the formation of selection juries that decide over funding for international musicians. Four, platforms such as INM show how institutions aim to support anchoring structures of the scene by providing resources, networks, and material support. Five, there is a greater openness to results and lack of pressure to produce final performances, as seen in the residency programmes and funding scheme of the DAAD’s Berliner Künstlerprogramm. Six, through a provision of free workshops, professional advice, bi-lingual support in administering grassroots projects to support the scene, institutions are able to shape artist-led networks in ways that encourages curatorial agency. In the following chapter, I will be focusing on affective and sentimental reasons of experimental music practices becomes a productive way to understand the motivations and goals of Lebanese musicians in Berlin’s freie Szene.
Concluding Thoughts. I outlined in this chapter that friendship, admiration, inspiration, location-affiliation and shared taste and similar conceptual approaches to creative labour become the main driving force for collaborations and curatorial efforts between artists from Berlin and Beirut. The different ways of coming together show that there may not be a coherent network, but a dynamic of network with rather stable anchoring structures including cultural institutions as well as social affiliations with prestigious, state-funded funding bodies of the freie Szene that builds the location-based network dynamic. This dynamic of a friendship-based network also is reflected in the anecdote of Rabih Beaini who outlines the personal commitment to the friendship and social bond that accompanies his curatorial work at Morphine Raum: “During the instrument series [Morphine Raum, 2021], there was the case of one instrument builder who accepted immediately but then the day before the performance he wrote an email saying ‘look, I don't want anyone to touch my instrument, I'm saying it now before you book the hotel or whatever, I can stay home’. This particular musician, I really personally wanted him here and I said ‘whatever happens, I want you to be here. I want to see you, I have you in the room, I want you to be with us, and whatever happens, it's fine’" (Rabih Beaini, Interview, 16 February 2022, Berlin). After discussing how musicians find together through institutional and interpersonal dynamics drawing on (performative) acts of care and anti-racist activism, gatekeeping, and fandom, I will outline the role that trust, uncertainty, curiosity, a longing for harsh noise and sensory experiences, as well as boredom play in the internal dynamics of collaborations in the following case study on Berlin. This chapter also outlined the way musical pieces are composed or realised in joint improvisational performances that require a meaningful social connection between musicians.
Concluding Thoughts. Finding Home Home is a vexed place, especially for the once-enslaved and formerly colonized. Within Black Skin homelessness, linguistic and subjective, demarcate the initial terrain upon which Fanon constructed his critique of French colonial domination; and it is this longing for home that structures his claim to the nation in WOE. Nevertheless, scholars, such as Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxx-Xxxxxx, T. Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxx, and Xxxxx Xxxxx, who continue to mine Fanon’s work for potential feminist gems, overlook the ways in which a comprehensive understanding of gender in Fanon’s work necessitates an understanding of the interconnections of masculinity, the heterosexual body, violence, and the nation. Fanon built his call to revolutionary action on a foundation of masculinity as divorced from the feminine and the homosexual and as such does not offer a liberatory path for either—at least not compared to that of privileged heterosexual men. Furthermore, and as I have articulated through an examination of his use of Hegel and my use of Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx’x formulations, he relegates women to a substratum within the social proper. As I have shown in this chapter, Fanon’s exploration of the intersections of racism/colonialism and sexuality does not include black and native women’s sexual experiences under racism or colonialism. In fact, his dismissal of Mayotte Capécia specifically and Martinique generally points to a wholesale dismissal of Caribbean women and their conditions and a one-dimensional approach to the recuperation of the postcolonial nation. Additionally, the history he reconstructs and his analyses are irreducibly masculinist and heteronormative, and debatably sexist and homophobic. Such labels, while they satisfy our need for neat categorizations and easy dismissals, do little to assist our recovery of the histories and narratives of gender-based violence and resistance he omits. Yet, his work is worth engaging because it draws from actually deployed revolutionary strategies, because it has been adopted as a strategy of resistance among black and native revolutionaries, and because a wholesale adoption of his revolutionary politics risks replicating troubling and dangerous models of resistance for black/native women and, subsequently, black/native peoples. Within Fanon’s model of the nation, the black male body becomes metonymic of the national body while the feminine is relegated to the metaphoric; no actual historical account of women’s bodies is taken int...
