Theoretical implications. From a theoretical perspective, our results imply that optimising motivation and performance in an educational context is not that straightforward. The positive influence of motivational information as shown by other researchers at the college level and when adolescents voluntary participated, can not simply be generalised to other contexts. What we learned from this study is that extrinsic motivational information does not always have negative effects (i.e., not for boys during familiar tasks). Future research should focus on and distinguish between short- and long- term effects, between unfamiliar and familiar tasks, and study the different impact of motivational information on boys and girls. From a theoretical perspective, it might be important to look for other differences between the sexes. Boys and girls might also respond differently when confronted with other motivational interventions and interventions beyond motivation.
Theoretical implications. The finding that there is significant overlap between hypotheses about the role of states, corporations, and civil society in shaping institutions has broader implications for international politics. When state power and preferences are so closely linked to those of the private sector and of civil society, who is really controlling outcomes? This paper contributes to theories advancing the notion that analysis of international decision-making must be widened to consider the role of new kinds of actors. It also suggests that future analyses along these lines should dig deeper to attempt to establish directionality of influence among actors. That corporations and civil society experts are able to influence outcomes in the case of ICANN also sheds light on general questions about how various actors can acquire power. I have found that, in Internet governance, conditions of issue-area expertise, financial resources, and strong incentives to participate are what allow actors to influence outcomes. By showing up, knowing the ropes, and productively expressing their preferences, businesses and experts become a meaningful voice within and surrounding international institutions. This is generalizable to the understanding of why, in any international multistakeholder decision-making setting, many actors come to the table but only some achieve their goals. This paper has not definitively determined whether ICANN is truly a revolutionary model for global governance. It has, however, generated a description of the conditions that led to the private sector-led international multistakeholder model that can be utilized in comparative settings to see if any other issues have or have potential to generate similar institutions. I have found the most compelling and distinctive fact about conditions leading to ICANN’s particular form to be the existence of a strong epistemic community around Internet governance that had developed its own worldview well before Internet governance became a topic of formal state action. The Internet community, led by Xxx Xxxxxx, fervently believed in the importance of the Internet’s character as a global public good arising from bottom-up, distributed systems and the subsequent necessity of innovative, bottom-up, multistakeholder governance mechanisms to suit it. It did not matter whether the Internet truly was revolutionary in a way that demanded change, but rather that its architects believed this and pushed for such innovations. Looking at oth...
Theoretical implications. 5.2.1 Joke funniness and offensiveness - Discourse norms In Bourhis et al. (1977) study on Welsh participants’ reactions to ethnic humor in the context of English-Welsh relation, the researchers manipulated three factors: butt of joke (ingroup vs. outgroup), source of humor (ingroup vs. outgroup), and salience of intergroup context (salience vs. neutral). The three ethnic jokes used for that experiment were all “disparaging and derogatory” (p. 263). One of the outcomes they measured was Welsh participants’ ratings on joke funniness. In the current study, the butt of a joke and the salience of intergroup context were constant: all of the four stereotype jokes were about Asian Americans and the current study design mirrored a high-salient intergroup situation. Two conditions in the current study are close to Xxxxxxx et al. (1977) design: Asian comedian telling a negative-stereotype joke and White comedian telling a negative-stereotype joke. Xxxxxxx et al. found that “[i]n the salience intergroup categorization condition anti-outgroup humor was perceived to be more funny and clever when the source was the English speaker” (p. 263). In the current study, Caucasian American participants rated Asian comedians (bmarginal = 4.513, p < .001) funnier than White comedians (bmarginal = 4.197, p < .05) when telling negative-stereotype jokes. Xxxxxxx et al. (1977) offered two explanations for “[w]hen the intergroup context was made salient for the subjects, they reacted more favorably when the source of the anti-outgroup humour was English rather than Welsh” (p. 263). First, “[i]t may well be that under such circumstances, blatant anti-outgroup humour may have been considered too obvious and transparent a way of attacking the outgroup, and as such may have been an ineffective way of boosting ingroup morale, pride and distinctiveness” (p. 264). Second, this joke scenario (i.e., outgroup joking about themselves) may “be particular pleasing to ingroup members since it may give them the impression that the outgroup is in a state of confusion or demoralization” (p. 264). For the current study, these explanations may not be applicable as the Asian-White relation in the United States is different than the Welsh-English relation. More specifically, the social norms governing the interracial discourse in the U.S. may possess more explaining power for the findings here. As Rappopport (2005) comments: Humor based racial, ethnic, and gender stereotypes has always been a touchy subj...
Theoretical implications. Although compared to previous simulation-task research (x.x. Xxxx et al., 2006; Xxxx & Xxxxxx, 2007; Xxxxx et al., 2012), the quality of the narrative content was not examined, participants by and large engaged well and intent ratings were identifiable across all of the data and could be rated reliably. Previous research has reported motivational difficulties as a possible confounding variable when exploring narrative data within a young offender population (x.x. Xxxx & Xxxxxx, 2007). The successful collection of intent ratings within the simulation task would suggest an absence of unfavourable demand characteristics when completing this line of research. The use of a simulation task also avoids some of the common method biases inherent in self-report data collection (Xxxxxxxxx, XxxXxxxxx, Xxx & Xxxxxxxxx, 2003) and as such may warrant further exploration when considering research with a young offender population. Furthermore, implicit measures of measuring working models of attachment that avoid the inherent biases of self-report measures (Xxxxxxxxxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 2000) and, as noted by Xxxxx et al. (2008), that are less time-consuming than interview based assessments such as the AAI (Main & Xxxxxxx, 1984) have been called for. Albeit in it’s infancy, this approach shows promise as a means to not only successfully engage a challenging client group with complex needs (Xxxxxx, 2011), but also suggests a new method for exploring working models of attachment through simulation of everyday events as opposed to exploring attachment-relevant situations. However, there has been an absence within the attachment literature of taking up the call to validate more implicit methods of measuring attachment and the inconsistencies within the current findings may reflect some of the challenges inherent with this line of research.
Theoretical implications. The literature provides numerous examples of how just-world theory can be used to explain social reactions to victimization. In this thesis, we applied just-world theory to predict and explain reactions to victimization within the context of vigilantism. Mith regards to measurement, first of all, the concepts ‘aversive state’ and ‘cognitive strategies’ proved to be very useful. By xxxxxxx respondents’ emotional reactions to vigilantism, as well as their ways of dealing with these emotions, we were able to construct elaborate and reliable measures of support for vigilantism. Secondly, insights from the BJM literature were successfully used to predict the effects of situational characteristics on support for vigilantism. Variation of the type of precipitating event, for instance, affected responses further down the vigilantism event sequence. Thirdly, putting public support for vigilantism in the context of BJM-reactions has increased our understanding of the support phenomenon. Me discovered that when someone supports vigilantism, this is (partially) an indirect effect from the aversive state that was induced by the precipitating crime. If this aversive state is not successfully eliminated by sentencing of the precipitating offender, support for vigilantism becomes an alternative threat-reducing strategy. Lastly, we investigated reactions to offenders as well as victims in our study, which has not been done very frequently in just-world research (Xxxxx & Xxxxx, 2005). Despite the fact that just-world theory proved to be a useful framework for studying support for vigilantism, individual differences in belief in a just world (i.e. BJM-O) did not predict many of respondents’ reactions to the vignettes. It was expected that the injustice as portrayed in the newspaper articles would present a greater threat to people who strongly believe in a just world, and would lead to a higher motivation to engage in cognitive strategies. In other words, we assumed that the individual difference measure BJM-O would corroborate the existence of the processes assumed to underlie the effects of our two experimental manipulations. These expectations were rejected for all but one of the four dependent variables (desired punishment for the vigilante). One reason for this is that people may not always be aware of their need to believe in a just world, making self-reports an unsuitable method for measuring individual levels of BJM (cf. Xxxxx & Xxxxx, 2005). Our findings in any case...
Theoretical implications. This research has exploited mainly of service level agreement implementation strategy by Xxxxx et al. (2007). This is intends to introduce the concept of service level agreement, provides guidance on service level agreement process and implementation. In term of knowledge, this research has generated to the field of the service level agreement in a petrochemical industry. It is follows the service level agreement strategy by Xxxxx et al. (2007). By studying the service level agreement in the petrochemical industry this research provides valuable into scope of identify the criteria, setting up regulations and implementation of the service level agreement. Therefore, other researchers and students who look for knowledge of implementing the service level agreement can use this research as guidance.
Theoretical implications. The literature on marketing capability has been based primarily on the tenets of customer centricity. Marketing capability is often defined as superiority in identifying a customer’s needs and in understanding the factors that influence consumer choice behavior (Dutta, Narasimhan, and Rajiv 1999) as well as the ability to develop and maintain relationships with customers, including both end users and channel members (Xxxxxxx and Slotegraaf 1999). While these elements of marketing capability continue to be important, I offer an extension to the scope of the discussion by introducing the ability of firms to manage a portfolio of constituent needs as an emerging marketing capability. As such, and as indicated in Table 7, CBM proposes a shift from a customer-centric view of capability towards a constituent-centric view. Particularly for firms operating in networked and competitive market environments, focusing on customer needs as the primary input in the design of product offerings can, at times, be myopic (Smith, Drumwright, and Xxxxxxx 2010). Under the CBM approach, the marketing function would evolve its role towards becoming a designer of offerings that, while looking to serve customer needs, does so in a way that accounts for the needs of multiple constituents. This transformation suggests an evolution in the role of marketing from representing the voice of the customer within a firm towards becoming the connector of constituents’ needs throughout the firm. While market networks have been discussed in marketing literature for close to 20 years, the constituent-networked economy is a new reality fueled by the presence of technological capabilities that enable interactions among constituents and consumers. New theory is required to understand how the marketplace conversation shapes brand perceptions in this new environment where information flow is no longer one-to-many (between a firm and its consumers) but many-to-many (among consumers and between consumers and other commercial and non-commercial constituents).
Theoretical implications. The results are in keeping with cognitive models of PTSD that predict: (1) changing negative appraisals of the trauma films (Xxxxxx & Xxxxx, 2000) and (2) enhancing verbal-conceptual processing of the trauma memory leads to fewer intrusions and PTSD symptoms compared to controls (Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxxxx, & Xxxxxx, 1996; Xxxxxx & Xxxxx, 2000). The update group aimed to target both of these processes and the significant difference in intrusion frequency and PTSD symptoms between the update and other two groups supports the role of these processes in the development of PTSD. An increased response to associated stimuli (CS+) in the update group following US devaluation may represent reduced attentional avoidance facilitating re- appraisal of the cue. Another important finding with theoretical connotations is that conditioned SCR acquisition response predicted intrusion frequency, distress and PTSD symptoms. This finding lends support to conditioning theories of PTSD and may explain, in part, individual differences in PTSD development. This finding implies that acquiring fear conditioning more strongly is a vulnerability factor for PTSD. The findings are summarised in Figure 10 in terms of how they relate to Xxxxxx & Xxxxx’x (2000) cognitive model. Figure 10: findings from current study embedded in Xxxxxx & Xxxxx’x (2000) cognitive model Strategies intended to control threat/symptoms Self-reported maladaptive responses to intrusions predicted PTSD symptoms (H5: R2M predicted IES-R score). Current threat Intrusions and PTSD symptoms Reduced intrusions and PTSD symptoms (H3) Reduced subjective distress ratings to CS+ (H2) Matching triggers Increased response to CS+ following US devaluation may have allowed re-appraisal of threat cue (H2). Negative appraisal of trauma Updated meaning (H3) Disorganised nature of trauma memory Enhanced verbal-conceptual processing (H3) Individual differences in acquiring fear conditioning (H4: stronger conditioned acquisition response predicted increased intrusion frequency, intrusion distress and PTSD symptoms). Arrows indicate the following relationship Leads to Influences Prevents change in Factors contributing to the development and maintenance of PTSD (Xxxxxx & Xxxxx’x (2000) cognitive model) Factors linked to reduced intrusions and PTSD symptoms in the current study (theoretical implications from current study) Pre-trauma vulnerability factors (implications from current study) Both Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxxxx, & Xxxxxx (1996) and Xxxxxx & Xxx...
