Figure 5. Percent of adult population (ages 15+) without a financial account by gender, 2017 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 98% 89% 80% 74% 80% 73% 84% 83% 73% 72% 71% 73% 66% 67% 61% 59% 54% 44% 44% 43% 40% 29% Yemen Iraq Syria (2011) West Bank & Gaza Egypt Morocco Tunisia Algeria Jordan Lebanon Libya Male Female Source: The Global Findex Database 2017. Several factors contribute to the gender disparity in financial inclusion. One is that women in the MENA region are 9 percent less likely than men to have a mobile account. This translates into 25 million fewer women than men owning a mobile phone (Rowntree 2019). Barriers to phone ownership include affordability and lack of digital skills. Lower levels of phone ownership can compound gender inequalities, limiting economic opportunities for women. Women are also less likely on average to use mobile internet (Rowntree 2019). Cultural and economic norms also contribute to the gap in financial account ownership. In 2017, the rate of women’s participation in the labor force in the MENA region was only 22 percent, reflecting traditional roles for men as breadwinners in the family (Rachidi 2019). Women also face gender-specific barriers accessing loans from banks due to property laws that affect their use of collateral and discrimination from bank officials (Vital Voices 2012). Many women in the Arab region lack freedom to move outside the home, limiting their ability to sign up for accounts or visit agents to conduct transactions (GIZ 2017). Additional barriers to account ownership include women’s lower levels of education, with a gender gap in literacy of 14 percentage in the MENA region (Wahdwa 2019). Egyptian policy makers are taking steps to increase financial account ownership by women. Egypt’s Vision 2030 sets women’s financial inclusion and economic empowerment at the “heart of the national development reform agenda” (CBE and AFI 2019). Compared with men, women are 10 percentage points less likely in Egypt to have a financial account (Xxxxxxxx-Xxxx et al. 2018). To address the gender gap, the Central Bank of Egypt has developed a roadmap for women’s financial inclusion. Priority areas include: obtaining accurate gender-disaggregated data from banks, expanding the reach of DFS, and encouraging the use of e-payments (CBE and AFI 2019). The Central Bank and the National Council for Women signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to cooperate in empowering Egyptian women economically and financially, and...
Figure 5. Infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births: Bulgaria and comparators; 1980-2012 Figure 6: Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births: Bulgaria and comparators; 1990-2010
Figure 5. Byzantine k-set agreement based on SMV-broadcast, and local random coins (Algorithm 5) 39 Each round r executed by a process pi is made up of two phases. During the first phase of round r, 40 each correct process pi invokes SMV_broadcast(esti) (multiset version) and stores the multiset returned 41 by this invocation in viewi[r, 1]. Let us remind that this multiset contains only values SMV-broadcast 42 by at least one correct process. The aim of this phase is to build a global set 2, denoted AUX [r], which 44 contains at most (k + 1) values, such that at most k of them are contributed by correct processes, and 45 the other one is the default value ⊥. To this end, each correct process pi checks if there is a value v 46 that appears “enough” (say W ) times in the multiset viewi[r, 1]. If there is such a value v, pi adopts it 47 (assignment aux → v), otherwise it adopts the default value ⊥ (line 5). 48 The set AUX [r] is made up of the aux variables of all the correct processes. For AUX [r] to contain 50 at most k non-⊥ values, W has to be such that (k +1)W > n (there are not enough processes for (k +1) 51 different values such that each of them was contributed by W processes3. Hence, W > n/(k + 1).4 53 2While the value of this set could be known by an external global observer, its value can never be explicitly known by a 54 correct process. However, a process can locally build an approximation of it during the second phase. 55 3Let us remind that, due to the ND-broadcast used in the algorithm implementing SMV-broadcast, two correct processes 56 cannot ND-deliver different values from the same Byzantine process.
Examples of Figure 5 in a sentence
Plot the background-corrected emission ratios versus [tracer] and fit to the one site binding (hyperbola) equation to estimate the dissociation constant (Figure 5).
Preferable, come markers with tips removed can be placed over the light so that the light protrudes through the top of the cone and is readily visible to pilots (see Figure 5), or (2) placed in line with and immediately outboard (away from centerline) of each light.
The recommended grievance redress mechanism in both the documents is depicted in Figure 5.
The ‘‘Produced From’’ grademark in Figure 5 of this section may be any one of the designs shown in Figures 2 through 4 of this section.
The solutions with two fitted LDCs give the lowest scatter, and well-defined coefficients (except for the square-root law), so have been used to calculate the final Figure 5.
More Definitions of Figure 5
Figure 5. Means and variations of the phase differences between agonist (A) and antagonist
Figure 5. Persistent Poverty Parishes in Louisiana Source: USDA, Economic Research Service, 2015 A significant portion of the persistent poverty parishes in Louisiana have a percentage population enrolled in Medicaid of 41 percent or greater (see Figure 6). Medicaid services for children in Louisiana are offered through KIDMED which provides preventive health care for Medicaid-covered children under the age of 21. Low-income families make slightly more than the amount that qualifies them for government-sponsored health care coverage and may have difficulty obtaining private insurance (Louisiana Department of Health Medicaid Report, 2014- 2015). In recognition of the gap in medical coverage between being Medicaid-eligible and being able to afford private insurance, the federal government and Louisiana established a child health insurance program called LaCHIP, which uses higher income standards than traditional Medicaid. LaCHIP, Louisiana’s version of the national Children’s Health Insurance Program, is designed to give uninsured children quality health care until 19 years of age (Louisiana Department of Health Medicaid Report, 2014-2015). Figure 6: Percentage of Population Enrolled in Medicaid by Parish Source: Louisiana Department of Health Medicaid Report, 2014-2015 The Education Week Research Center developed state and national grades on three indices in public education, grades K-12. The Chance-for-Success Index consists of 13 indicators that records early opportunities, progress through the K-12 system, educational and workforce outcomes in adulthood, and a subjective perspective on the role that education plays in promoting positive outcomes throughout a person's life (Education Week, 2016). The K-12 Achievement Index consists of 18 indicators that report current academic performance, gains over time, high school graduation rates, and equity as measured by poverty-based disparities. The school finance index outlines a comprehensive analysis on per-student spending patterns and equity (Education Week, 2016). The Louisiana public education system ranks 44th in the nation on key predictive indicators of success in the classroom, with scores below the national average (see Figure 7). Implementation of a school-based telehealth program will allow students to receive health services during the school day, in the school setting, which will increase opportunities for classroom learning; decrease absenteeism for urgent medical visits; and reduce prolonged travel for sp...
Figure 5. A Twin Challenge (UNEP, 2011:21) UNEP (2011) encourages politicians to enable increased investment on the road to a green economy in tree ways. First, by shifting investments in public and private sectors towards sectors important for a green transition. The investments can create “green” jobs in those sectors, and thereby offset the job losses caused by the shift. Second, by highlighting the possibilities of reducing persistent poverty in important sectors such as agriculture, forestry, freshwater, fisheries and energy through the transition towards a GE. Third, by eliminating harmful subsidies, market failures, “creating market based incentives, implementing appropriate regulatory frameworks, initiating green public procurement and by stimulating investment”, which is essential to complete the shift to a green economy (Ibid.:16). Five aspects are central to a green economy. A GE should be low carbon, meaning the emissions of carbon dioxide should be lowered drastically from today’s levels. It should also reduce pollution, enhance efficiency in resource and energy use, be socially inclusive, and prevent loss in biodiversity and ecosystem services (UNEP, 2011). Income and employment growth should be driven by investments intended to help reach these goals. One critical aspect of reaching these goals is to incorporate stricter environmental and social criteria into investment decisions. A large scale misallocation of capital is one reason for recent crises in climate, biodiversity, fuel, food, water and the financial system (Ibid.). This capital has been wrongly invested into brown economy drivers such as “property, fossil fuels and structured financial assets with embedded derivatives”, and too little have been invested in essential green economy sectors such as “renewable energy, energy efficiency, public transportation, sustainable agriculture, ecosystem and biodiversity protection, and land and water conservation” (UNEP, 2011:14). The World Bank (2012:xi) states that earth’s capital tends to be exploited in wasteful and economically inefficient ways because of market, policy and institutional failures. They also point out the lack of acknowledgement of the social costs related to these practices. This suggests that investments have been used to rapidly and unsustainably collect human, physical and financial capital at the expense of natural capital, causing degradation of ecosystems and biodiversity loss. This has happened because the huge environmental...
Figure 5. SysML modelling using the first approach
Figure 5. Opting Out of Trade in the Trade Game .5 1.5 .5
Figure 5. Conditional inference tree, predicting the empirical log-odds ratios; accuracy with subject-verb agreement in 2SG and 3SG contexts in main clauses with inversion (AdvVS) and without inversion (SVO). HomeLanguage L2Proficiency VerbForm Child 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 Variable importance Figure 6: Variable importance plot of predictors (random forest); accuracy with subject-verb agreement in 2SG and 3SG contexts in main clauses with inversion (AdvVS) and without inversion (SVO).
Figure 5. Seasonal bathymetric variations of benthic amphipods assemblages along section I, Admiralty Bay. The material of the monthly time series from the deeper part of the reference transect (15-150m) amounted more than 24.000 specimens in total and 76 spp were identified. The relative abundance in trawls of the top five species from each depth per season is represented on Figure 5. Although the number of samples and individuals was low, it is nevertheless possible to note some patterns. For example, the herbivorous Schraderia gracilis and Djerboa furcipes were among the five most abundant species for both seasons at 30m. At other depths they were among the top five but only in the winter. This was the first time that Djerboa furcipes was collected at 150m, well below the phytal zone, and this relatively deep occurrence may be due to the attraction to the drifted decaying algae found at these depths as indicated by the preliminary examination of stomach contents. Some species are common to more than one assemblage and have high relative abundance at more than one depth. Overall, there are clearly different assemblages corresponding to different depths (Xxxx et al. 1999).