Discussion and Conclusion. All indices discussed in this article can be defended and have their use, but their meanings are not alike. We wish to demon- strate these differences from an example, trying to capture each index’s meaning in nontechnical terminology. We study a mea- surement system producing measurement values on a five-point nominal scale. The distribution of the true values P and the dis- system M (with aM classes). Let its reproducibility be charac- terized by νM , and let A νM (the largest integer strictly smaller than νM ) and B νM A. We construct a hypotheti- cal system N that has identical reproducibility as M, but clearly interpretable properties. System N measures on a (A 1)-point scale. It is applied in a population of objects with distribution PN = (1/(A + 1), 1/(A + 1),..., 1/(A + 1)). The stochastic properties of N are specified by the (A + 1) × (A + 1) matrix + = − = ⎝ ] 1 ··· 0 0 0 .
Discussion and Conclusion. This section must present the significance of results and their relation to the aims of the study. In addition, how the findings of the study affect what we know about the subject must be explained by citing the relevant literature. ☐ ☐
Discussion and Conclusion. The main results of the present study showed good agreement and reproducibility between the velocities determined by the CV, AT, and simu- lated time trial on the track with the real-time of a 10-km official race. These results corroborate the findings of another study (Xxxxx, et al., 2014), which analyzed the predictive capacity of the AT determined in the laboratory and Montreal Test (MT) (Xxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 1980) for performance
Discussion and Conclusion. Inviting a wide variety of stakeholders from different sectors to the MOVE pre-conference meant that the discussions that were held were very enriching for all involved, allowing participants to exchange and discuss with other participants coming from a different perspective and professional background. The recommendations that have come out of the discussions come from experienced professionals who are familiar with European (and international) youth mobility, and should be seriously considered at both European and national levels.
Discussion and Conclusion. The main topic of this article is the phonological properties of morphemes of the same nominal class in Fròʔò, the most striking aspect being the presence of recurrent articulatory features for each inflectional class, a case of alliterative concord. This pattern arises when several functional morphemes of the same class are linearized. The best answer of morphology is to reproduce the pairing between class and phonological features each time a function word is present. In (57), a longer sequence of functional morphemes, the same pairing is reproduced six times.
Discussion and Conclusion. References Artstein, R. and X. Xxxxxx. (2005). Kappa3=Alpha (or Beta). Technical Report NLE Technote 2005-01, University of Essex. Essex. Xxxxx, R. and X. Xxxxx. (1998). Word-sense distinguishability an inter-coder agreement. In Proceedings of Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Xx Xxxxxxx, B. and M. Glass. (2004). The kappa statistic: A second look. Computational Linguistics, 30(1):95- 101. Xx Xxxxxxx, B. (2000). On the usage of Kappa to evaluate agreement on coding tasks, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC). Athens, Greece. Xxxx, B.; Green, R.; Xxxxx, L.; Xxxxxx, O.; Xxxxxxx, D.; Xxxxxx, N.; Xxxxxxxxx, S.; Hovy, E.; Xxxxxx, X.X.; Mitamura, T.; Xxxxxx, F.; Xxxxxxxxxxx, A. (2004).. Semantic annotation and lexico-syntactic paraphrase. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Building Lexical Resources from Semantically Annotated Corpora, (LREC) Portugal,. Xxxxxxx, D.; Xxxxxxxxx, S.; Xxxx, X. X.; Xxxxxx, N.; Xxxxxx, F.; Xxxxxx, K.; Xxxxx, L.; Mitamura, T.; Hovy, In the NLP literature, inter-annotator agreement measures are usually presented in order to make the claim that an annotation is reliable. We have repeated arguments from previous literature that it is difficult to infer much about the absolute values of reliability measures without a context, such as an independent assessment of the significance of variables derived from the annotation. We have illustrated another use of reliability measures, namely to examine variations in reliability along different dimensions. As a consequence, we have been able to demonstrate overall improvement E.; Xxxxxx, O.; Xxxxxxxxxxx, A. (2004). Interlingual annotation of multilingual text corpora. In Proceedings of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics Workshop on Frontiers in Corpus Annotation, Boston, MA, pp. 55-62, 2004. Xxxxxxxx, C. (1998). WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database. MIT Press. Jaccard, P. (1908). Nouvelles recherches sur la distribution florale. Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles 44:223-270.
Discussion and Conclusion. Any measure of ecological quality or status is of little value without some knowledge of its level of uncertainty. To measure the uncertainty on lake assessment, it is important to have an understanding of the variability of the metric value (Xxxxxx et al., 2006). To estimate this variability within metric values and to quantify the different components, especially the variability due to sampling, the WISER project organized a replicate field sampling program. This design allows to accurately estimate the sampling variability of the metric values. Here we conducted a time-for-space analysis in which we use an existing long term data series of 23 years of macroinvertebrate data and abiotic variables of a Dutch shallow lake. Analysis dataset 1981-2004 When we take the entire dataset into account (1981-2004) a large proportion of the total variation (70%) in the MM values can be attributed to changes in abiotic factors, especially chlorophlyll A. The higher the chlorophyll A concentration the lower the values of MM. The remaining 30 % can’t be explained by this model, and is the unexplained variation. This can also be expressed as the standard deviation of the residuals (SDr) which is 0.04. For the values of % EPT abundance abiotic factors NH4, NO3 and chlorophyll A explain the majority of the variation (80%). The unexplained variation in %EPT abundance is related to different sources, such as sampling variation, taxonomic identification errors, natural temporal variation or unknown sources. Due to lack of information about these sources we cannot divide this unexplained variation any further. That’s why the value that we found for the SDr value of %EPT abundance (0.11) is larger than the value that Xxxxxx et al. (2006) found for the average sampling SD for % EPT abundance (0.031) of samples taken with the RIVPACS method in different Austrian river. Afterall, sampling variation is just a part of the total unexplained variation we found. Similar to Xxxxxx et al. (2006) we find that EPT abundance, one of the individual component metrics of MM has a larger variance than multimetric MM. Because the lower SDr of MM, the Multimetric MM has a higher precision to estimate the ecological status of a lake. Analysis dataset 1992-2004 Another method to improve the insights on variability or uncertainty is to use a subset of data of the stable period of the lake. This way the SDt will be smaller and is a better estimate of unexplained variation. If we look at the values o...
Discussion and Conclusion. I am pleased that Xxxxx Mountain, the DPS, and GMP were able to reach an agreement that addresses the DPS's concerns regarding Stowe Mountain's participation in the Lamoille County Loop Area-Specific Collaborative. I expect Stowe Mountain's participation in this Collaborative will be helpful as the Collaborative participants negotiate regarding the
Discussion and Conclusion. We have shown how the replay attack and the flaw discussed in [23] can be avoided in this paper. The paper remains the primitive conception of the work proposed by Arazi. The parties A and B are able to establish a DH key K securely between them over a public channel, even though they do not know the public key of the opposite party beforehand. Because the calculation of a one-way hash function H(.) is very fast and its output length is fixed, therefore, the generation of signatures is still as very efficient as the previous protocols [1][6]. In our extended method, if we can know the pubic key of the receiver before the transmission, we can use the condition to achieve the mutual authentication requirement.
Discussion and Conclusion. Principal findings Household experiences with the TLUD stove were complex, influenced by multiple factors including the fuel market, knowledge of the appropriate type of wood to use and ways to operate the stove, stove cost and smoke, stove design, and social perception of the stove. Willingness to pay for the stove, regardless of experience, was quite low. In the focus group discussions it appeared that the Mama Bongisa had an overall positive experience with the stove while other households had more negative experiences. The experience of the Mama Bongisas was likely due to their knowledge of the right wood to use for fuel and how to operate the stove, meaning they experienced little to no smoke with the stove, saved money, and had charcoal left over. Other households seemed to experience more smoke and greater cost. When it came to the design of the stove, households thought that the stove needed to be more stable, strong, and durable. Survey and focus group respondents also disliked its height, thought it produced more smoke than other stoves they had used before, and was laborious to restart. Households liked, however, that the stove cooked food quickly, could be left unattended, was portable, and produced leftover charcoal which could be reused and put in the garden as fertilizer. Strengths and weaknesses of the study This study conducted in Mokali, Kinshasa, DRC had several strengths and limitations. A major strength of the study was that it employed mixed methods allowing for methodological triangulation to determine results. The focus groups provided a nuanced understanding of households’ use of the stove and the physical, natural, and cultural environment in which household stove, fuel, and energy decisions are situated. The survey data, which was informed by the focus groups, was able to quantify the strength of household perceptions and reactions to their experiences with the stove and the stove design. Employing both methods highlighted certain aspects of household experience, perception, and willingness to pay for the stove, which would have been unclear or unknown only employing one method. A limitation of this study was that it was conducted through several languages, which complicated data collection, preparation, and analysis. Particularly with the focus groups data, the translation of the focus group transcripts from Lingala, to French, to English may have influenced the ability to find more nuance in the data. Another limitation was tha...
