Nations. Tx cycle (4 txs in any one Nation) 7%
Nations. The Parties will release full agreement content upon the completion of those other negotiations.
Nations. We consider both green R&D agreements in which transfers are allowed and in which transfers are prohibited. Due to its ubiquity in the literature and to its symmetric features, we first examine large economies in the presence of income transfers.
Nations. However, there are some limitations in the use of Gravity Model encountered by different researchers. According to Xxxxx, X. and Xxxxx, M. (2014), using aggregated data in the analysis of a Regional Trade Agreement may not accurately capture its impact to trade since generally the treatment of tariff reduction or elimination differs substantially by product. Xxxxxxxx, K, Xxx, X., and Xxxxxx, F. (2016) also used disaggregated tariff line-level trade data in their paper. Trade agreements’ primary objective is to increase trade between the participants by lowering cost and uncertainty to trade (Xxxxxxx, B. and Xxxxxxx, S., 2015, Xxxxx, V. and Franc, S., 2016). A lot of countries have been experiencing higher exports from joining trade agreements. Example is the case of North African countries who have started exporting commodities such as dairy and vegetables due to trade accords (Hndi, B., Xxxxxx, M., and Xxxxxxx, J., 2016). Regional Trade Agreements increase trade between countries by reducing uncertainties, mitigating market externalities, providing guidelines for economic exchanges, and facilitating smooth transactions (Xxxx, M., 2015). The Gravity Model was used in the paper of Xxxxxx, P. (2015). Based on the findings, preferential tariff treatments brought about by a trade agreement helped expand the exports of Africa to China. However, it did not lead to a significant growth in the economy since most products for which China grants tariff exemptions are primary or raw materials. International trade is a key element of Globalization and a country’s participation in international trade is a path to economic growth (Cipkute, E., 2016). There has been study showing the reverse causality between openness to trade and economic growth (Xxxxxxx, A., 2015). Based on the study of Xxxx, X. (2016), one of the drivers of economic growth is export. In Namibia, exports significantly affects capital formation and economic growth. Exports also improves the local economy by reducing external shocks. In the study of East Asian trading countries, Suvannaphakdy, S. and Xxxxxx, T. (2014) has found out that bilateral trade flow is positively related to the sum of the GDP of the trading countries. In the study of Kocaslan, G., Ozcelebi, O., and Xxxxxxxx, S. (2014), Turkey’s economy may have been greatly affected by its foreign trade flow with its major trade partners in Balkans. Further, economic growth and competitiveness is a function of gross capital formation. Economic gr...
Nations. The results are summarized in Table 3 and Figures 4-6. Furthermore, if Z 4 is an even number, the second-best stable formation is characterized by the equations (A.5) for i 1,, Z , which implies that each nation forms bilateral coalitions and hence the total number of links is Z Z 2 2 in the second-best coalitional structure. For an odd number: Z 5 , it is impossible that each nation links up with an identical number of nations. In this case, the second-best stable formation becomes hub-and-spoke structure; i.e., one country is a hub, linking with Z 1 nations, and each spoke nation forms Z 2 bilateral agreements. The corresponding equilibria can be characterized by the equations (A.4) for the hub nation and (A,5) for the other Z 1 members. In this case, the total number of links is Z 12
Nations and Creditor each agree that regardless of the time or order of attachment, or the time, order or manner of perfection, or the time or order of filing or recording of financing statements or mortgages or deeds of trust, Creditor's lien on and security interest in the Creditor Senior Collateral shall be senior to that of Nations in the Creditor Senior Collateral. Nations agrees to subordinate, and does hereby subordinate, any security interests and liens it now or hereafter has in and upon the Creditor Senior Collateral under Nations' Documents or otherwise to the security interests and liens of Creditor in and upon the Creditor Senior Collateral.
Nations. The MK Management Area is known for its large, intact, relatively undisturbed ecosystems and as a globally important area of wilderness, wildlife and cultures. The MK Management Area also has significant potential for non‐renewable resource development and renewable energy and eco‐tourism opportunities. The vision for the MK Management Area is “a globally significant area of wilderness, wildlife and cultures, to be maintained in perpetuity, where world class integrated resource management and decision‐making is practiced ensuring that resource development and other human activities take place in harmony with wilderness quality, wildlife and the dynamic ecosystems on which they depend”. The MK Management Area includes both Protected Areas and Resource Management Zones. The Protected Areas will not see any industrial development. The Resource Management Zones, however, allow for timber harvesting, mineral exploration and mining, oil and gas exploration and development and other resource development activities as long as wilderness, wildlife and cultural values are maintained. As such, the MK Management Area has set a world‐class standard for land and resource management. Approximately 25 percent of the land base is allocated to Protection and 75 percent is designated as Resource Management Zones where sustainable resource development can occur. In areas where industrial activities are allowed, the long‐term objective is to return the lands to their natural state as development activities are completed. The long‐term maintenance of the wilderness characteristics, wildlife and ecosystems in both the Protected Areas and Resource Management Zones is critical to the cultural well‐being of First Nations who consider the MK Management Area traditional territory. Advisory Board Pursuant to the Muskwa‐Kechika Management Area Act and the Muskwa‐Kechika Management Plan Regulation, the Advisory Board has for the past eighteen years provided valued advice to the Premier and the public regarding natural resource management within the MK Management Area. The Advisory Board’s track record of consensus‐based decision‐making and advice is second to none. Past advice to the Province regarding the timing and sequencing of Pre‐Tenure Plans for potential oil and gas development within the MK Management Area is but one example of how the Advisory Board has helped the Province make balanced and informed decisions that directly benefit British Columbians and their communities, uphol...
Nations. In designing any drug development and access proposal, an important group of issues arises in the middle income nations. This is where patent battles are currently being fought most fiercely, because these nations have the markets that are likely to show the greatest growth over the next decades as real incomes and purchasing power rise. The pharmaceutical industry correctly sees these areas as its future market. And it is middle income nations such as Colombia and Thailand that are receiving especially strong U.S. pressure to strengthen intellectual property protection. At the same time, in nations such as Brazil and Thailand, there are programs for national production of drugs through compulsory licenses of products still on patent. And many middle-income nations include many very poor people – there are more people living in absolute poverty in South Asia than in Africa.17 Moreover, inclusion of some of these markets in a world generic market may assist in making a generic market economically feasible for the poorest. It is clearly essential therefore to define a special set of rules for the middle-income tier. As they reach some income level, these nations must be treated as developed nations and must pay their full share of research costs. Moreover, they will, at some point of development, face pressure from their own industries for stronger patent protection. But in the short run, it might be possible to allow the public sector (or, if the market could be so divided, the poorest in these nations) to have access to the developing-world generic market, while the private sector market would be subject to patents under developed-world standards. It is of course difficult to separate markets within a nation, and there are serious risks of corruption in such an effort. Another approach might be to have a reduced patent term for pharmaceuticals for these nations, so that the post-patent generic market would become available sooner than in the high-income nations. Putting it all together It is hard to see how these ideas can be implemented without dealing with TRIPS issues – after all, the current special arrangements for the developing nations will expire in 2016 – a time within the current planning horizons for pharmaceutical research programs. Why not make the key agreement a sector- specific code within the WTO? There have already been WTO sector-specific arrangements for agriculture and aircraft, as well as proposals for such arrangements for steel. Dru...
Nations. ‘The obligations of the U.S government under COFA have been a matter of ongoing concern,” said Hawai‘i Xxxx- tor X. Xxxxxx English, who also serves as president of APIL. “The Compacts of Free Association allow for the free migration of citizens of Micronesia and the Freely Associated States throughout the United States and the Territories and Commonwealths, in recognition the contributions and sacrifices COFA citi- Kaho’olawe during Legislative Ac- cess to Kaho‘olawe. Sept. 2009.
Nations. The cause of harm is then to be determined through an examination of all relative factors.167 Emergency notification is addressed through Article 10 of the Agreement. Whenever a Party becomes aware of any special water quantity or quality problem constituting an emergency that requires an immediate response, it shall notify and consult directly with the party (ies) concerned and the Joint Committee without delay in order to take appropriate remedial action.168
