Metabolic syndrome Sample Clauses

Metabolic syndrome. The term ‘metabolic syndrome’ was first coined by Xxxxxx in his Banting lecture in 1988 to describe a cluster of features characterised by obesity (particularly central obesity, raised fasting glucose/hyperinsulinaemia, elevated plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) and low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations, hypertension, microalbuminuria and gout associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Most patients with Type 2 diabetes (T2D) have the metabolic syndrome and it is often referred to as a prediabetic state. Other clinical features associated with metabolic syndrome are impaired fibrinolysis, increased procoagulant activity and impaired endothelial function. The current definition of metabolic syndrome by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) has evolved as a means of diagnosing people likely to have metabolic syndrome rather than the clinical importance of the component features. The earlier definitions by the World Health Organization (WHO) (1999) included measures of urinary microalbumin excretion and insulin concentrations. The current definition has been simplified and uses lower cut- offs for blood pressure (BP) and blood glucose (Table 1.1) and includes a measure of central obesity (waist circumference) if body mass index (BMI) is less than 30 kg/m2 or BMI>30 kg/m2 and two of the following features: impaired fasting glucose (>5.6 mmol/L), hypertension or dyslipidaemia (low HDL-C or raised fasting TAG). Obesity, physical inactivity and aging are the major factors contributing to the development of the metabolic syndrome. However, the risk of developing of metabolic syndrome may be inherited or influenced by early life events particularly the pattern of growth in utero and in early postnatal life. Table 1.1 Definitions of metabolic syndrome; WHO, National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP ATP III) and IDF. From (Xxxxxxx et al, 2006) WHO, 1999 NCEP ATP III, IDF, 2005 2001 Diabetes or IGT or IR, plus two or Three or more of the Central obesity plus any more of the following: following: two of the following: Obesity: BMI >30 or WHR BMI> 30 or waist Hypertriglyceridemia: >0.9(M)>0.85(F) circumference>102 TAG ≥1.7 mmol/L or cm (M), >88 cm (F) medication. Dyslipidemia: TAG ≥1.7 mmol/L or Hypertriglyceridemia: Low HDL-C: <1.03 (M) HDL-C <0.9 mmol/L (M), <1.0 mmol/L TAG ≥1.7 mmol/L and <1.29 mmol/L (F) or (F) medication Hypertension: ≥140/90 mmHg or Low HDL-C: <1.03 High blood pressure: ...
Sample 1
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Metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome is a collection of interconnected metabolic risk factors which may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and may also be associated with all-cause mortality. (Ford, 2005). In 2004, the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (AHA/NCLBI) established a definition for metabolic syndrome in adults which requires a minimum of three out of five criteria to be met: enlarged waist circumference (≥ 102 cm in men, ≥ 88 cm in women), elevated triglycerides (≥ 150 mg/dl), reduced HDL-cholesterol (< 40 mg/dl in men, < 50 mg/dl in women), elevated blood pressure (≥ 130/85 mmHg), and elevated fasting glucose (≥ 100 mg/dl). (Xxxxxx, Brewer, Cleeman, Xxxxx, & Xxxxxxx, 2004). Although four other diagnostic criteria are also commonly used for metabolic syndrome, prevalence estimates are found to be similarly high and rising in western societies. (Xxxxxxx & Xxxxxxxxxx, 2008; Xxxxxxx, et al., 2006; do Xxxxx, et al., 2008). The estimated age-adjusted prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the U.S., for example, was approximately 34% according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2006. (Xxxx, Gile, & Xxxxxx, 2004). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was found to increase with age, and more dramatically, with an increasing BMI. (Xxxxx, 2009; Xxxxx, Xxxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, & Xxxxxxxx, 2011). The NHANES studies found that women had a larger prevalence compared with men. (Xxxx, Gile, & Xxxxxx, 2004). In addition, additional genetic and environmental factors may also play a role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, thus the susceptibility and age of onset of the disease may vary among different individuals with a similar risk profiles. (Ordovas, 2007). Lifestyle modifications, including diet, exercise and weight reduction, are the currently preferred approaches to treat the disorder. Also, pharmacological treatment may bring additional preventive benefits or improvement to those having difficulty in reducing risk factors through these preventive measures. (Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, & Xxxx, 2005).
Sample 1
Metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome is a clustering of metabolic risk factors, which predispose an individual to developing type II diabetes and CVD, in particular, coronary heart disease (CHD). CHD is one of the most common types of CVD. It is a condition characterised by plaque formation in the arterial walls through the pathological process of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory condition in which the walls of the arterial blood vessels thicken as a result of accumulation of fatty deposits on the interior wall linings, specifically cholesterol (CHOL) and triglycerides (TGs; Xxxxx, 1997). It constitutes a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries whereby macrophages and white blood cells accumulate in the formation of plaques. This process is promoted by the amassing of low-density lipoproteins, responsible for the transport of CHOL and TGs, in the arteries. In contrast, high-density lipoproteins provide protective functional benefits, particularly by reducing arterial inflammation and plaque formation and ultimately protecting against atherosclerosis and subsequent CHD (Xxxx, 2005) There are various conceptualisations of the metabolic syndrome, as defined by various medical bodies, which differ in minor dimensions. Yet, there is a general consensus amongst all organizations that the primary components of metabolic syndrome comprise insulin resistance (IR), visceral obesity, high blood pressure and dyslipidaemia. IR is the condition whereby peripheral tissue cells fail to respond to insulin, produced by the pancreas. Insulin continues to be produced, yet the cells (muscle, fat and red blood cells) become resistant and are unable to use it effectively to absorb circulating glucose from blood plasma, leading to a state of hyperglycaemia. Beta cells in the pancreas subsequently increase their production of insulin to compensate, further contributing to hyperinsulinaemia. This condition of dysregulated glucose levels contributes to the development of type II diabetes (Xxxx-Xxxxxxx, 2013) Table 2 summarises the definitions according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF; International Diabetes Federation, 2006), the World Health Organization (WHO; World Health Organization, 1999) and the European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR; Xxxx- Xxxxxxx, 1999). According to the WHO and the EGIR, IR is a crucial criterion for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, whilst more recent criteria from the IDF allow for diagnosis through t...
Sample 1
Metabolic syndrome. Given the accumulating evidence on sleep duration’s association with hypertensive disorders, hyperlipidemias, and obesity, a literature search was conducted on sleep duration and metabolic syndrome (a condition typified by centralized adiposity, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia). In the 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey, a nationally representative survey among Korean adults, Xxxx et al. (2008) reported that respondents who slept ≤ 5 hours a night were at greatest risk for metabolic syndrome when compared with respondents who reported sleeping 7 hours (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.33-2.26). In a more recent cross-sectional study among Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes, patients sleeping less than 5.5 hours a night were 1.71 times more likely to have metabolic syndrome compared to their diabetic counterparts sleeping 6.5-
Sample 1
Metabolic syndrome. Definition: is a cluster of 3 or more of the most dangerous CVD risk factors: • Prediabetes (Insulin resistance) • Type 2 Diabetes • Abdominal obesity • Dyslipidemia • High blood pressure (National Cholesterol Education Program- Adult Panel III, 2004) WHO, 2004 (Galal, 2002) • The prevalence of obesity in adults is very high in Egypt, particularly among women, and that the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension parallels that of obesity. • Overweight and obesity affected: • 1.6% of 2–6 year olds, • 4.9% of 6–10 year olds, • 14.7% of 10–14 year olds, and • 13.4% of 14–18-year-old children (WHO, Stepwise Survey, 2005) Data collected among adults aged 15-65 years showed: • highest Prevalence of Overweight 34.4% among Age group >25 – 35, • Obesity prevalence of 41.7% among age group >45 – 55. • Over weight was higher in males (38.2%), while obesity is more in females (39%), STEPwise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance (STEPS) (Source: WHO, 2008) Dietary intake in normal weight, over weight and obese groups TV watching (hours/day) and number of reported exercise or weekly play sessions in normal weight, over weight and obese groups Other Health Problems Maternal and child health present continuing challenges. Maternal mortality and infant mortality rates remain high. Iron deficiency anaemia is prevalent and malnutrition is common in children under five particularly in rural Upper Egypt. Around 1.2% of the population is blind, mainly due to cataract; trachoma is prevalent in some governorates. Environmental conditions are a major determinant of health. Air pollution, particularly in urban areas, has been of concern for some years; particulate matter and lead are the most important pollutants responsible for a great deal of respiratory pathology. One of the most important health and environmental problems is air pollution resulting from using fuel, burning operations, and the increase of automobile exhaust in cities. Lead was phased out of petrol in Cairo , Alexandria and most of Lower Egypt 's cities in late 1997, leading to a reduction in atmospheric lead concentration. There are several examples of exposure to chemical genotoxicants, and lifestyle exposures in the population, which create unique combinations of environmental risk factors for diseases such as cancer. Environmental factors may interact with infection and lead to enhancement of carcinogenicity processes. Currently, there is a growing interest in environmental mutagenicity and ca...
Sample 1
Metabolic syndrome. In this proposal we strive to investigate a systematic process to fight problems of preventive care with advanced, transparent sensing and developed feedback structures. Especially, the focus of our S&T objectives are as follows:
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Related to Metabolic syndrome

  • Hepatitis B Vaccine Where the Hospital identifies high risk areas where employees are exposed to Hepatitis B, the Hospital will provide, at no cost to the employees, a Hepatitis B vaccine.

  • Influenza Vaccine Upon recommendation of the Medical Officer of Health, all employees shall be required, on an annual basis to be vaccinated and or to take antiviral medication for influenza. If the costs of such medication are not covered by some other sources, the Employer will pay the cost for such medication. If the employee fails to take the required medication, she may be placed on an unpaid leave of absence during any influenza outbreak in the home until such time as the employee has been cleared by the public health or the Employer to return to the work environment. The only exception to this would be employees for whom taking the medication will result in the employee being physically ill to the extent that she cannot attend work. Upon written direction from the employee’s physician of such medical condition in consultation with the Employer’s physician, (if requested), the employee will be permitted to access their sick bank, if any, during any outbreak period. If there is a dispute between the physicians, the employee will be placed on unpaid leave. If the employee gets sick as a reaction to the drug and applies for WSIB the Employer will not oppose the application. If an employee is pregnant and her physician believes the pregnancy could be in jeopardy as a result of the influenza inoculation and/or the antiviral medication she shall be eligible for sick leave in circumstances where she is not allowed to attend at work as a result of an outbreak. This clause shall be interpreted in a manner consistent with the Ontario Human Rights Code.

  • Human Leukocyte Antigen Testing This plan covers human leukocyte antigen testing for A, B, and DR antigens once per member per lifetime to establish a member’s bone marrow transplantation donor suitability in accordance with R.I. General Law §27-20-36. The testing must be performed in a facility that is: • accredited by the American Association of Blood Banks or its successors; and • licensed under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act as it may be amended from time to time. At the time of testing, the person being tested must complete and sign an informed consent form that also authorizes the results of the test to be used for participation in the National Marrow Donor program.

  • Diagnosis For a condition to be considered a covered illness or disorder, copies of laboratory tests results, X-rays, or any other report or result of clinical examinations on which the diagnosis was based, are required as part of the positive diagnosis by a physician.

  • Communicable Diseases (a) The Parties to this Agreement share a desire to prevent acquisition and transmission where employees may come into contact with a person and/or possessions of a person with a communicable disease.

  • Communicable Disease Bodily injury" or "property damage" which arises out of the transmission of a communi- cable disease by an "insured";

  • Infectious Diseases The Employer and the Union desire to arrest the spread of infectious diseases in the nursing home. To achieve this objective, the Joint Health and Safety Committee may review and offer input into infection control programs and protocols including surveillance, outbreak control, isolation, precautions, worker education and training, and personal protective equipment. The Employer will provide training and ongoing education in communicable disease recognition, use of personal protective equipment, decontamination of equipment, and disposal of hazardous waste.

  • Nepotism No employee shall be awarded a position where he/she is to be directly supervised by a member of his/her immediate family. “

  • Insulin Insulin will be treated as a prescription drug subject to a separate copay for each type prescribed.

  • Study An application for leave of absence for professional study must be supported by a written statement indicating what study or research is to be undertaken, or, if applicable, what subjects are to be studied and at what institutions.

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