Subjects and Methods. Ethical Approval A prospective cross-sectional observational study was performed including caucasian type 2 diabetic patients and controls, aged 50 or older, who were recruited from the Cataract Unit of the Ophthalmology Department of Centro Hospitalar São João (Porto, Portugal) between September 2015 and March 2016. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant before inclusion in the study. The study protocol adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and received local Institutional Review Board Approval.
Subjects and Methods. In 2012, St. Xxxx of Jerusalem Eye Hospital and in partnership with United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) initiated a 3-year screening, treatment, and management program for diabetic retinopathy among diabetic patients in East Jerusalem and the West Bank including the refugee population of the Southern districts of the West Bank (Bethlehem and Hebron). The program consisted of training UNRWA health professionals (nurses) to use the Canon CR-2 retinal camera to capture images (2 per eye), acquired in meiosis, and grade those images according to Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Program in the Occupied Palestinian Territories standard become primary graders. “Diabetic retinopathy screening-training program” for UNRWA nurses consisted of a 3-week course (theoretical: 15 h and practical: 29 h). Three days were dedicated for screening patients (simulated screening). All participants started a scheduled supervised screening immediately after the course working in pairs. This schedule was adhered to for a minimum of 4 months. A unified DRS-OPT screening form are used by all graders. Grading levels were as follows: no retinopathy (R0), background retinopathy (R1), preproliferative retinopathy (R2), proliferative retinopathy (R3), no maculopathy (M0), and maculopathy (M1). Any retinopathy (preproliferative, proliferative, and other findings, e.g., vitreous hemorrhage and end-stage disease) detected by a primary grader (R1, R2, R3, and M1) was sent for secondary grading performed by another grader. If there was any disagreement between the primary and secondary grader, the images were sent to arbitration, which was performed by an ophthalmologist. The form consisted of two parts; one part is filled by the primary grader/screener and the ophthalmologist fills the second part when patients are referred for further management. The program was directed toward reducing the proliferation of preventable diabetic retinopathy in the occupied Palestinian territories. It was estimated that 40,000 patients would be screened over the 3 full years of the project (all diabetic patients registered at UNRWA clinics in East Jerusalem and the West Bank). The primary objective of the screening component of the project is to detect the maximum number of cases of sight-threatening retinopathy and refer them for further examination and management by an ophthalmologist while retaining those with nonsight-threatening disease under periodic review. St. Xxxx Eye Hospital took the role o...
Subjects and Methods. Subjects: This study adhered to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Ethics Committee of the Shenzhen Eye Hospital in Shenzhen, China. All participants were provided with a clear understanding of the study's objectives and provided informed consent by signing a consent form. 146 eyes from 73 healthy subjects were analyzed. All subjects exhibited no abnormalities in the anterior segment, ocular infections, or a history of ocular surgery at the time of examination. The mean age of the subjects was 9.04 ± 1.98 years, and the mean refractive error was − 1.32 ± 1.33 D (Figs. 1–3). Prior to measurements, a comprehensive ophthalmic examination was conducted on all eyes without pupillary dilation. This examination encompassed subjective refraction, slit-lamp microscopy, and non-contact tonometry to exclude any eyes with abnormalities. Specific exclusion criteria were applied, including the presence of ocular or corneal diseases unrelated to refractive errors, a history of corneal or intraocular surgery that could impact the measurements [6,7], and subjects who faced difficulties in cooperating during the study. Instruments: Colombo IOL SD-OCT biometer The Colombo IOL employs Dual-path SD-OCT technology. It is equipped with a superluminescent light- emitting diode (SLED, 850 nm), enabling real-time and simultaneous imaging of both the cornea and retina within a 4mm range. The AL measurement range of the Colombo IOL spans from 12.1mm to 38.0mm, allowing for the acquisition of OCT images with a resolution of 5µm at a scan rate of 20,000 A- scans per second. The high-resolution OCT image facilitates easy confirmation of proper fixation by the operator in real-time. IOLMaster 700 SS-OCT biometer During the measurement process, the OCT image assists in confirming the proper fixation of subjects. If the OCT image displays both the cornea reflection and the foveal pit in the center, it indicates that the subject has been appropriately fixed. This confirmation of fixation ensures the accuracy of subsequent measurements. Furthermore, the Colombo IOL has the capability to capture all the necessary measurements in a single shot, including AL, CCT, K1, K2, LT, and WTW. The IOLMaster 700 utilizes SS-OCT technology with a 1050nm tunable laser as its light source. It offers a scan depth of 44mm with a resolution of 22µm at a scan rate of 2,000 A-scans per second. This enables the device to provide measurements based on optical B-sc...
Subjects and Methods
