Hydrogen. The Gas shall contain no carbon monoxide, halogens, or unsaturated hydrocarbons, and no more than four hundred parts per million (400 ppm) of hydrogen.
Hydrogen i. Hydrogen and hydrogen-based energy supply chain studies
Hydrogen. The percent combined hydrogen in a hydrocarbon fuel is a critical factor in controlling stack smoke levels. In general, the higher the hydrogen content in a liquid fuel the lower the smoke level will be. As an example: paraffinic hydrocarbons with high hydrogen contents (14-15%) have much less tendency to smoke than do aromatic hydrocarbons which can have 10% or less hydrogen. Hydrogen is usually determined by an accurate measurement of the amount of water produced in the controlled combustion of a weighed amount of fuel.
Hydrogen. The gas shall contain no carbon monoxide, halogens or unsaturated hydrocarbons, and no more than four hundred parts per million (400ppm) of hydrogen. 2. In the event any gas delivered by Customer to Transporter at any Point of Receipt fails to meet the quality specifications set forth above, Transporter may refuse to accept receipt of such gas until Customer or Customer s supplier shall have corrected the quality deficiency. 3. In the event any gas delivered by Transporter to Customer at any Point of Delivery fails to meet the quality specifications set forth above, Customer may refuse to accept receipt of such gas until Transporter shall have corrected the quality deficiency.
Hydrogen. Hydrogen has many qualities: − it is the most abundant atom on earth, as a constituent of water, 1 AFH2, Paris, E-mail: xxxxxxx.xxxxxx@xxxxxxx.xx 24 Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx − it is the most energetic molecule: 120MJ/kg, i.e. twice as much as natural gas, − it is neither polluting nor toxic, − its combustion produces no pollutant (only water), − it is the lightest of all gases, which is a positive factor in terms of security (it diffuses at high speed in the air), − it has numerous production modes, adapted to all forms of primary energy (electrolysis, thermal water decomposition, reforming), − its transport is easy and environment-friendly (in particular through pipes), − its modes of transformation are varied (fuel cell, thermal engine, turbine, combustion). Notwithstanding all these qualities, some flaws should be mentioned: − its lightness implies a volumetric energy density which is not in favour of its storage as gas, − its air inflammability and detonation limits are more extended that for natural gas (by a factor of 5), on the other hand in a ‘confined’ situation (i.e. trapped with air in a closed volume), these limits are more difficult to reach than with natural gas due to the speed of its diffusion in the air (4 times faster than natural gas), − it has a bad reputation in terms of security and its public acceptability is not obvious!
Hydrogen. Hydrogen, a gas and an energy carrier, is used in many industries such as refining, metallurgy and electronics (Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxx, and Kamsah 2015) and in the transport sector (see below). Singh et al. (2015) even argue that hydrogen can be used in almost any field where conventional fossil fuels such as gas or oil are needed, thus offering significant substitution potential (Singh et al. 2015). In 2010, the European chemical industry was the largest consumer of hydrogen (63%) with the refining industry accounting for about 30% (Fraile et al. 2015). But while hydrogen itself is not harmful for the environment, its production methods generate emissions. Overall, hydrogen can either be produced by reforming steam methane or by splitting it from water by electrolysis (Xxxxxxx et al. 2018). The steam reforming process can furthermore be based on natural gas, methane, coal (Xxxxxxx et al. 2018) or biomass (Ni et al. 2006), but can be equipped with CCS fairly cost-effectively. The electrolysis process can be powered by fossil fuel-based electricity or renewable electricity. Currently, hydrogen is produced almost exclusively through natural gas-based steam methane reforming or even coal in some cases (Singh et al. 2015)(Xxxxxx 2004). Looking at more sustainable hydrogen pathways, Xxxx et al. (2015) consider hydrogen production from biofuels combustion, assessing three steam reforming technologies as between TRL 4 and TRL 6 (Xxxx et al. 2015). When it comes to hydrogen production by electrolysis using renewable electricity, sometimes called power-to-hydrogen (Götz et al. 2016), the need to adapt to increasingly intermittent power supply from renewables pushes most of power-to-hydrogen technologies towards TRL 5 to TRL 7 (Grond and Holstein 2014). Besides technological challenges, economic challenges remain as well, since power-to-gas is still an expensive and relatively inefficient technology (Götz et al. 2016), one source for example arguing that per unit of H2 more than 32 times the electricity would be needed than by using conventional steam methane reforming (Xxxxxxx et al. 2018) which raises doubts on whether there would be enough excess renewable electricity on the markets to satisfy this demand (Ball and Xxxxx 2015). The following sections explore the TRL of hydrogen in the transport sector, in the steel industry as well as (for some applications) in the chemical industry. Since our literature review did not yield any TRL assessment for the refining pathway (...
Hydrogen. Overall, according to its website, the FCH JU, a specialised institution set up to drive forward the hydrogen pathway, has a budget of €665 million while industrial stakeholders are expected to double that amount, pushing the envelope to about €1.3 billion in the period of 2014 to 2020. For the years 2014, 2015 and 2016, the annual report of the FCH JU speaks of €244.9 million of EU money spent on 46 hydrogen related R&D projects (FCHJU 2017). However, the large majority of R&D was spent under the reports energy and transport category with only 3% of the funding flowing into “cross cutting” projects, thus suggesting that hydrogen applications for the industrial sector were either included in other non-FCH JU funding streams (see above) or were not a R&D priority in the period scrutinised (ibid.).
Hydrogen. Hydrogen and hydrogen-based energy supply chain studies Shaping international hydrogen standards Hydrogen research and development Carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS), including: CCUS research, development and demonstration Carbon utilisation and carbon recycling Potential supply of minerals of interests from Australia to Singapore for CO2 carbonisation/mineralisation Industry performance Renewable energy trade, including: Exploring large-scale renewable electricity trade Measurement, Verification and Reporting (MRV), including: Identification of opportunities to collaborate both bilaterally and with other countries in the region in support of a shared commitment to the full and effective implementation of the Paris Agreement’s Enhanced Transparency Framework. Participants The lead agencies for implementation of the MoU are the Government of Australia Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources and the Government of the Republic of Singapore National Climate Change Secretariat.
Hydrogen. The unit being converted produces hydrogen gas that is supplied to other units at the Refinery. During the plant cleanup and startup phases of the demonstration, South Hampton will arrange for a hydrogen source to supply all hydrogen requirements of its other units at the Refinery at its expense. In the event of either a process failure of the AROMAX Process after startup of the Licensed Unit so that the Licensed Unit does not produce hydrogen (a need to regenerate AROMAX Catalyst is not a process failure) or a delay in startup beyond two weeks after commencement of plant cleanup, such delay being caused in Chevron Research's opinion by inadequate plant cleanup even though Chevron Research plant cleanup instructions are followed, Chevron Research shall arrange for hydrogen to be provided to the Refinery until the unit resumes hydrogen production. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Chevron Research's total liability in the event of such a process failure (a need to regenerate AROMAX Catalyst is not a process failure) or delay, including the cost of hydrogen provided, shall not exceed the greater of either Thirty-five Thousand Dollars ($35,000) or an amount agreed to in writing by an officer of Chevron Research. Chevron Research shall keep South Hampton informed of the amounts of costs applied against said total liability of Chevron Research.
Hydrogen. It has been shown that efficient production of pure hydrogen can be achieved by dehydrogenation of cyclohexane or methylcyclohexane with catalysts consisting of 0.1-1.0 wt.% Pt supported on stacked-cone carbon nanotubes (SC-CNT). The SC-CNT were produced by catalytic dehydrogenation of propane. The catalysts exhibited 100 % selectivity for conversion of cyclohexane to hydrogen and benzene and methylcyclohexane to hydrogen and toluene. A 0.25 wt.% Pt/ SC-CNT catalyst had approximately the same activity as a commercial 1 wt.% Pt/Al2O3 catalyst. High resolution TEM showed the dispersion of the Pt catalyst particles on the SC-CNT support to be very high after 6.5 hours of reaction, with particle sizes ~ 1 to 2 nm. A 0.1wt% Pt/SC-CNT exhibited the highest efficiency (turnover-number (TON)) for hydrogen production per metal atom. A preliminary experiment on the aqueous-phase reforming of ethylene glycol using a 1 wt.% Pt-99 wt.% Al2O3 catalyst in a batch system has shown that significant amounts of hydrogen are produced, with very low production of carbon monoxide. New apparatus for the production of hydrogen by reforming of lower alcohols in supercritical water has been assembled and is working correctly. Depending on operating conditions, 3-4 moles of hydrogen are typically produced per mole of methanol or ethanol. Structure and reaction mechanisms of C1 catalysts 29Si and 13C solid state NMR methods were used to investigate several metal-loaded silica aerogel F-T catalysts. The results are as follows:
