Fault Tolerance. Due to the presence of noises and manufacture variations, there may be a difference of CSI measurements hi in the ith sample, denoted as δi. When δ is larger than ε, ∆σˆ begins to incur mismatched bits, which leads to a wrong information delivery. Using multiple samples in a block can ε2 reduce the variance of the represented features. According to Chebyshev inequality, we have P{|δ − E(δ)| ≥ ε} ≤ D(δ) . Block-based information delivery can efficiently reduce the variance of average δ, and then reduce the secret bit error rate. × Σ i TDS extracts the feature of block based on SVD. As afore- mentioned in Section 3.2, the block size is 10 n (typi- cally n = 6). SVD can be expressed as G = U ΣˆV T = Table 1: Experiments scenarios A Static Indoor C Mobile Indoor Test A B C D Monobit Frequency 0.611 0.757 0.900 0.784 Longest Run of Ones 0.724 0.660 0.861 0.883 FFT 0.553 0.848 0.757 0.752 Approximate Entropy 0.708 0.897 0.899 0.719 Cumulative Sums (Fwd) 0.530 0.776 0.905 0.681 Cumulative Sums (Rev) 0.787 0.749 0.955 0.919 Block Frequency 0.725 0.819 0.874 0.977 Runs 0.734 0.723 0.883 0.846 Serial 0.421 0.590 0.401 0.530 0.841 0.913 0.885 0.642 Table 2: NIST statistical test results. To pass this test, p-value must be greater than 0.01. β
Fault Tolerance. The Software Products are not fault-tolerant and are not designed, manufactured or intended for use with on-line control equipment in hazardous environments requiring fail-safe performance (e.g., the operation of nuclear facilities, aircraft navigation or communication systems, air traffic control, direct life support machines, or weapons systems environments), in which the failure of the Software Products could lead directly to death, personal injury, or severe physical, property or environmental damage ("High Risk Activities"). MICROSOFT AND ITS SUPPLIERS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY OF FITNESS FOR HIGH RISK ACTIVITIES.
Fault Tolerance. The Software is not one hundred percent (100%) fault tolerant. Unless the Software’s Documentation expressly provides the contrary, the Software is not designed or intended for use in any situation where failure or fault of any kind of the Software could lead to death or serious bodily injury of any person, or to severe physical, property or environmental damage (“High-Risk Use”); and, User is not licensed to use the Software in, or in conjunction with, any High-Risk Use. High-Risk Use is STRICTLY PROHIBITED. High Risk Use includes, for example, the following: operation of aircraft or other modes of human mass transportation, nuclear or chemical facilities, and Class III medical devices. User hereby agrees not to use the Software in, or in connection with, any High-Risk Use. High Risk Use shall not mean use of the Software for purposes for which it is regularly marketed and sold (e.g., public safety and utility dispatch software may be used to dispatch police, fire, emergency medical services, and emergency utility services).
Fault Tolerance. In the course of group key agreement processes, malicious partici- pants should be immediately detected and removed from the group. In B-GKAP, detec- tion and elimination of faulty participants occurs during the execution of verifyPK( ), verifySK( ) and faultCorr( ) functions. If a malicious participant is detected in verifyPK( ) or verifySK( ) functions, the key of the malicious participant is not written to the ledger. Later, the faultCorr( ) function is used for removing this par- ticipant from the group. ·
Fault Tolerance. Following is a list of fault tolerant capabilities of the System. It is important to keep in mind that although this discussion treats a board as a single point failure, typically this is not accurate. Many of the boards contain identical functional blocks such as T1/E1 interfaces or voice transcoding circuits. In such instances, a board may be capable of functioning with some but not all of its capability. In other instances, performance of a board may degrade without an apparent failure. Critical circuitry is monitored as practical, and equipment alarms are generated so that a board may be replaced before an interruption of service occurs.
Fault Tolerance. In the course of group key agreement processes, malicious participants should be re- moved from the group without affecting the operations of remaining honest participants. In B-GKAP, detection and elimination of faulty participants occurs the during execution of veri f yPublicKeys(·), veri f ySecretKeys(·) and f aultCorrection(·) functions. If a malicious participant is detected in veri f yPublicKeys(·) or veri f ySecretKeys(·) functions, related key of the participant is not written to the ledger. Therefore, f aultCorrection(·) detects the miss- ing key, and removes related participant from the group.
Fault Tolerance. Fault tolerance can be achieved through a combination of redundancy and backups. The CGS shall be fault tolerant such that on-line processing will not be interrupted if any part of the system fails. A battery backup power solution must exist and shall provide for no less than twenty minutes of reserve power and shall be configured to allow for normal operating system shutdown should power loss to the CGS be eminent. A generator or alternate power source capable of providing a minimum of 12 hours of runtime shall feed the battery backup solution. A minimum of two distinct CGS systems are required and shall operate such that transactions are received and acknowledged on all production systems before a ticket is allowed to print. The systems shall be configured so that one system, operating as the primary, can failover to a secondary system in the event of total system failure. An automatic solution is necessary where systems are selling and personnel may not be immediately available to perform a manual failover. Controls must be in place to ensure that the version of code that resides on all production gaming systems be functionally compatible to ensure that failover can occur as intended. Comment: Any computer systems over and above the required two, as previously defined, are not required to receive transactions before a ticket is allowed to print. If a primary system goes down, the intent of this rule is to allow the system to continue selling tickets.
Fault Tolerance. The ICS solution shall be redundant such that if any part of a system fails, another ICS is available for use. All production ICS machines shall benefit from the usage of a backup power supply such as a power-conditioning uninterruptible power supply (UPS). The backup power solution (whether through a UPS alone or through a UPS working in conjunction with an alternate power source, such as a generator or separate electrical power supplier) shall provide for no less than ninety (90) minutes of reserve power for either ICS. Any redundant ICS shall be a duplicate of the first, and may be located at the same location as the primary or at another facility. The computer and software must be kept under the logical and physical control of the Party Lottery at all times. In the event a secondary ICS is used to balance the transactions, no further balancing or processing shall be required on any additional ICS systems.
Fault Tolerance. Cloud environment uses the various fault tolerance strategies and counter measures to deal with these issues. Fault tolerance is the property of a system which enables it to continue operating in proper manner in the occurrence of the failure of some of systems components. In a life-critical system, the existence of a fault-tolerant control system is really important. One of its important functions is to steer the procedure to a safe state whenever unwanted events like faults occur. To achieve this role availability, the reliably of the fault-tolerant control system has to be high. To attain a high degree of availability alongside random failures, one has to recourse to redundancy. Moreover, to avoid common failures, there are distinct necessities on the redundancy, such as independence, reliability, diversity and separation.
Fault Tolerance. Fault tolerance is needed in DO-178 and SIL certifications. Since many systems in these domains have also other strong requirements such as real-time operation, the impact of fault- tolerance can be major on the overall architecture. Virtualization can help to alleviate this impact by providing means of segregating parts of an application with respect to fault-tolerance. Below is an example of the impact of how virtualization helps to introduce fault-tolerance in the software architecture of a real-time system.
