Obesity. Obesity (having a body mass index greater than 30.0) affects all age groups and disproportionately affects people of different socioeconomic statuses and racial/ethnic groups. There are often many complications that can occur as a direct or indirect result of obesity. In the Parkview region, nearly a third of adults and more than one in ten low-income preschool-aged children are obese. Through the community and provider surveys, we have identified a clear public concern about the prevalence of obesity in the area. There is also an upward trend associated with the percentage of the population who is obese. However, obesity is a treatable and preventable health concern with a variety of public health intervention strategies that come recommended by healthcare providers and professionals. Table 14: Obesity Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxxx Kosciusko LaGrange Noble Wabash Xxxxxxx Obesity (% of adult population) 30.1 32.6 33.2 34.2 31.8 31.6 32.0 Low Income Preschool Obesity 13.6 12.2 17.9 16.5 14.5 11.0 17.3
Obesity. The electronic versions of (a) the most recent printed edition of Obesity at the date of access and (b) all previous printed editions of Obesity that were first published within the previous twelve (12) months, in each case as available for access on the Internet at the URL xxx.xxxxxx.xxx/xxx from time to time together with any additional material that the Licensor makes available to the Licensee.
Obesity. Obesity is a risk factor for developing many medical conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, type-2 diabetes, colon cancer and breast cancer in women (Xxxxxxxxxx and Xxxxx, 2004). Controlling obesity prevalence in the population can thus help decrease the incidence of those conditions. Based on a study of over 15,000 American adults between 53 and 57 years, Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx and White (2005) found that engaging in regular physical activities of various intensity, such as jogging, cycling and aerobics for over 10 years can prevent weight gain associated with aging for people over age 45. Xxxxxxx et al. (2019) conducted a systematic review on the association between physical activity and prevention of weight gain in adults. They identified a dose-response relationship between physical activity and weight loss. Prevention of weight gain is most pronounced with over 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous intensity (≥3 Metabolic Equivalent of Task [MET] hours) physical activity per week. Xxxxxxx et al. (2019) concluded that public health initiatives to curb obesity should include physical activity as a means of prevention.
Obesity. Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a serious adverse effect on health, leading to an increase in chronic disease and mortality [275, 276]. The worldwide epidemic of obesity is primarily due to an imbalance between physical activity and dietary energy intake. A sedentary lifestyle coupled with an unhealthy diet resulting in obesity markedly increases the risk of CVD [277]. Serious complications to health as a result of obesity include type 2 diabetes [278], cancer and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [278, 279]. Just as importantly, obesity leads to a high prevalence of CVD including ischemic heart disease (IHD) [280], angina and MI, congestive heart failure (CHF) [276], deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and PE [281]. Systemic hypertension, pulmonary hypertension (left ventricular failure, chronic hypoxia), and CHD all occur with disproportionately high frequency in obese individuals and may cause or contribute to alterations in cardiac structure and function [282, 283]. The risk of sudden cardiac death is also increased in obesity. The Framingham Study [283], reported that the annual sudden cardiac mortality rate in obese men and women was estimated to be 40 times higher than the rate of unexplained cardiac arrest in a matched non-obese population [284, 285].
Obesity. Treatment for Obesity and complications related to obesity, as well as associated treatments thereof such as but not limited to gastric bypass, gastrectomy, cholecystectomy, gall bladder removal if such treatments are for the purpose of weight control.
Obesity. The percentage of the population that is overweight or obese will reduce in line with the national average – Xxxxx XxXxxxxxx / Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxx % P1 Children Overweight / Obese / Severely Obese 2009/10 2010/11 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Prevalence of Adult Obesity per 100 patients Scotland Moray 12 10 8 2 0 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Introduction Moray Scotland Moray Scotland Moray Scotland % Overweight (inc. obese & severely obese) % Obese (inc. severely obese) % Severely Obese Overweight and obesity pose a serious threat to long-term health. During childhood, obesity can be associated with asthma, type 2 diabetes, musculoskeletal problems and psychosocial impacts relating to stigma and bullying. There is evidence of a high rate of unhealthy weight continuing into adulthood, but whether or not overweight and obese adults were overweight as children, being obese or overweight can increase the risk of developing a range of serious diseases, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, some cancers and premature death. The risks rise with weight levels and are greatest for obese individuals. Obesity has been shown to be associated with at least as much ill-health as poverty, smoking and problem drinking1 and with as much premature mortality as smoking [1]. Travel Modes to Primary & Secondary Schools 2008 2010 2009 2011 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Moray Scotland Moray Scotland PRIMARY SECONDARY Between 2009/10 and 2010/11 the proportion of P1 children classified as overweight , including those classified as obese and severely obese2, increased in Moray by nearly 4%, reflecting a 3% rise in overweight children, a 2% rise in obese children and a 1% fall in severely obese. Nationally there was virtually no change in all three categories [2]. Walk / Cycle / Scooter / Skate Driven / Park & Stride Bus Other Walk / Cycle / Scooter / Skate Driven / Park & Stride Bus Other Walk / Cycle / Scooter / Skate Driven / Park & Stride Bus Other Walk / Cycle / Scooter / Skate Driven / Park & Stride Bus Other Over the last 4 years the prevalence of adult obesity in Moray has increased from 9.55 to 10.94 per 100 of the total population of Moray GP practices. This compares with an increase nationally from 7.02 to 8.63 per 100 of the total population of Scottish GP practices3 [3]. or smoking? Public Health 2001; 115:229-235. ge and sex; Obese – BMI within top5% of the 1990 UK reference range for their age & sex; Severely Obese – 1 Xxxxx R & Xxxxx KB. Does obesity contr...
Obesity. The percentage of the population that is overweight or obese will reduce in line with the national average – Xxxxx XxXxxxxxx / Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxx % P1 Children Overweight / Obese / Severely Obese 2009/10 2010/11 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Prevalence of Adult Obesity per 100 patients Scotland Moray 12 10 8 2 0 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Introduction Moray Scotland Moray Scotland Moray Scotland % Overweight (inc. obese & severely obese) % Obese (inc. severely obese) % Severely Obese Overweight and obesity pose a serious threat to long-term health. During childhood, obesity can be associated with asthma, type 2 diabetes, musculoskeletal problems and psychosocial impacts relating to stigma and bullying. There is evidence of a high rate of unhealthy weight continuing into adulthood, but whether or not overweight and obese adults were overweight as children, being obese or overweight can increase the risk of developing a range of serious diseases, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, some cancers and premature death. The risks rise with weight levels and are greatest for obese individuals. Obesity has Travel Modes to Primary & Secondary Schools 2008 2010 2009 2011 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Moray Scotland Moray Scotland PRIMARY
Obesity. 1.3.1 THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF OBESITY Obesity, defined by the National Institutes of Health, as body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2, has a high associated morbidity and mortality and is rapidly increasing in incidence. (Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxx & Xxxxx, 2010) Obesity is a well- recognised global healthcare problem and two-thirds of all men and half of all women in England are either overweight or obese. (Jain, 2004) In England, obesity accounts for approximately 18 million days of sickness absence and 30,000 premature deaths each year. The estimated annual cost of treating obesity in the UK is £500 million and the wider costs to the economy, in terms of lower productivity and lost output, are £2 billion, each year. (xx Xxxxxxxx et al., 2010; Xxxxx, 2017) Obesity has been shown to be associated with DVT, with a calculated hazard ratio of 2.33, in a large meta- analysis (Ageno et al., 2008) and an odds ratio of 2.39, in a large case-controlled study. (Xxxxxx, 2000) Several other studies have revealed a linear association between body weight and the risk of recurrent VTE, for example, Xxxx and colleagues demonstrated that a 10 point increase in BMI resulted in a 24 % increase in recurrent VTE risk (Xxxx et al., 2002). Xxxxxxxxx and colleagues subsequently undertook a prospective study involving 1107 patients with a first unprovoked VTE. The average follow up was 46 months and 168 patients had a recurrent VTE. The mean BMI was significantly higher in patients with recurrence than those without (28.5 vs 26.9, p=0.01) and the adjusted hazards ratio for recurrence was 1.044 (95 % CI 1.024-1.079) for each point increase in BMI. Overall, this study found a 30 % increase in risk of recurrence in patients overweight and a 60 % increase in obese patients, compared to normally weighted individuals. (Xxxxxxxxx et al., 2008) The Longitudinal Investigation of Thromboembolism Etiology study (LITE) of 20,374 middle-aged and elderly patients reported that, within patients with the metabolic syndrome, the predominant risk factor for VTE was abdominal obesity. (Xxxxxxx et al., 2004; Xxxxxxx et al., 2009) A study by Xxxxxxxxxx and colleagues demonstrated a correlation between VTE incidence and epicardial fat thickness. (Xxxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx & Xxxxxxxxx, 2012) However, one study revealed no increased risk of PE with body weight above the normal range, revealing a 1.08 relative risk of PE with obesity. (Xxxxxxx et al., 2009) The exact impact of body weight on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynam...
Obesity. Obesity defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher, affects well over a third of all adults in the United States (CDC, 2010; Xxxxxx, Xxxxxx, Xxxxx & Xxxxxx 2010). Interestingly, it has been postulated that one of the contributing factors to the obesity epidemic in the United States is self-imposed sleep restriction; that the rise in obesity is directly related to the lack of sleep in American society (Bass & Xxxxx 2005). Several studies in in both US and non- US non-pregnant adults have reported relationships between shortened sleep duration and obesity. In a prospective study of approximately 1,000 primary care patients, Vorona et al. found that in both men and women, total sleep time decreased as BMI increased. Normal weight men reported an average of 473 minutes (± 104 minutes) whereas obese men reported an average of 469 minutes (± 95 minutes). This difference was much more pronounced in women, with normal weight women reporting an average of 483 minutes (± 96 minutes) and obese women reporting an average of 434 minutes (± 89 minutes)(Verona et al. 2005). In the Hordaland Health Study, researchers found that among Norwegian adults aged 40-45 years pf age; BMI was statistically different at the 0.05 level in the short sleepers (less than 6 hours a night) when compared to those respondents sleeping 7-7.99 hours a night. The mean values for those sleeping less than 5 hours were 26.34 (standard deviation [SD] 4.30), and the mean value for those sleeping 5-5.99 hours was 25.87 (SD 4.04) compared to mean values of those sleeping 7-7.99 hours (mean 25.05, SD 3.74) (Bjorvatn et al. 2007). Likewise, obesity (BMI >30) in this study was related to sleep duration. Individuals sleeping less than 5 hours were had almost twice the risk of obesity and those individuals sleeping 7 to 7.99 hours a night (aOR 1.97, 95% CI=1.29-3.02); and those with 5-5.99 hours of sleep had almost 1 and a half times the risk for obesity (aOR 1.42, 95% CI 1.10-1.84) (Bjorvatn et al. 2007). Authors using 2009 BRFSS data also reported an association between incremental increases in BMI, obesity (classified at BMI ≥30), and sleep duration. In linear regression modeling reported as unstandardized beta coefficients, sleep duration of less than 5 hours compared to 7 hours was related to both increasing BMI (ß=2.72, p=<0.01) and obesity (ß=2.08, p=<0.000001)(Xxxxxx et al. 2012).
Obesity. The ratio of energy intake to energy expenditure must be in balance to maintain a healthy body weight. A positive energy balance leads to weight gain, and a person with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2 or more is classified as obese [International Obesity Taskforce. xxxx://xxx.xxxx.xxx, accessed 2005]. Diverse epidemiological studies have consistently demonstrated a positive rela- tionship between increased body size (energy balance) and colorectal malignancy, as reviewed in 2006 by Xxxxxx et al. [121]. Different mechanisms are proposed to link energy balance and CRC. Biomarkers of these mechanisms are growth factors (IGF-1, IGFBP-3), insulin resistance (insulin, d-peptide, HbA1c), chronic inflammation (IL-6, CRP, TNF-alpha), and steroid hormones (estrogen, progesterone, SHBG). The relationship between these mechanisms and potential body-size susceptibility loci may in the future give insight into mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of obesity. Physical activity compensates for an excess of energy intake and acts to maintain energy balance. An inverse relationship between physical activity and CRC risk has been demonstrated in the literature [122].
