Breast Cancer. Benefits for Covered Services in relation to Breast Cancer are provided, including, screening and diagnosis of breast cancer, consistent with generally accepted medical practice and scientific evidence. Treatment for breast cancer includes coverage for prosthetic devices or reconstructive surgery to restore and achieve symmetry for the patient incident to a mastectomy. See “Prosthetics and Devices,” as well as “Inpatient Facility Services,” and “Preventive Services” for additional details. Cardiac Rehabilitation Therapy Please see “Therapy Services” later in this section. Chemotherapy Please see “Therapy Services” later in this section. Child Dental Services Please see “Dental Services” later in this section. Child Vision Services Please see “Vision Services” later in this section. Clinical Trials Benefits include coverage for services given to You as a participant in an approved Clinical Trial if the services are Covered Services under this Plan, including routine patient care costs. Routine patient care costs include the costs associated with the provision of health care services, including drugs, items, devices, and services that would otherwise be covered under the plan or contract if those drugs, items, devices, and services were not provided in connection with an approved clinical trial program, including: • Health care services typically provided absent a clinical trial. • Health care services required solely for the provision of the investigational drug, item, device, or service. • Health care services provided for the prevention of complications arising from the provision of the investigational drug, item, device, or service. • Health care services needed for the reasonable and necessary care arising from the provision of the investigational drug, item, device, or service, including the diagnosis or treatment of the complications. Routine patient care costs do not include the costs associated with the provision of any of the following: • Drugs or devices that have not been approved by the federal Food and Drug Administration and that are associated with the clinical trial. • Services other than health care services, such as travel, housing, companion expenses, and other nonclinical expenses, that an Enrollee may require as a result of the treatment being provided for purposes of the clinical trial. • Any item or service that is provided solely to satisfy data collection and analysis needs and that is not used in the clinical management of the pati...
Breast Cancer. Benefits for Covered Services in relation to Breast Cancer are provided, including, screening and diagnosis of breast cancer, consistent with generally accepted medical practice and scientific evidence. Treatment for breast cancer includes coverage for prosthetic devices or reconstructive surgery to restore and achieve symmetry for the patient incident to a mastectomy. See “Prosthetics and Devices,” as well as “Inpatient Facility Services,” and “Preventive Services” for additional details. Cardiac Rehabilitation Therapy Please see “Therapy Services” later in this section. Chemotherapy Please see “Therapy Services” later in this section. Child Dental Services Please see “Dental Services” later in this section. Child Vision Services Please see “Vision Services” later in this section. Chiropractic Services We cover Medically Necessary chiropractic services provided by a person properly licensed pursuant to the Chiropractic Initiative Act or the Osteopathic Initiative Act.
Breast Cancer. Of all cancers, breast cancer ranks first among mortality causes for Mexican women. In 2007, an average of 16.4 out of 100,000 women over 25 years did not survive breast cancer. In this case, the highest averages can be found in states with high level health care. The poor states show a low average of women dying of breast cancer (INEGI, 2009c: 65). It is not clear why the situation is so different compared to cervical uterine cancer. It could be due to a lack of screening for breast cancer. Women in these regions might die from breast cancer without knowing the real cause of their death. It is also possible that their way of life protects against breast cancer. Some factors limit the chances of having breast cancer, for example having had children, having had a first child before 30 years of age, having breast fed children, or not having used the pill too young or for long periods (WHO, 2014). Women with low socio-economic backgrounds have on average more children than women in higher social classes; they are on average younger when they have their first child; they breast feed their children for long periods; and they use less contraceptive pills. These factors could to some extent explain the lower prevalence of breast cancer in indigenous communities. It must be pointed out that in an educational context, the screening of breast cancer is not discussed as such in the SEP 6th grade natural sciences text book. It is treated in a section called ‘Un dato interesante’ (‘An interesting fact’) (SEP, 2011: 33). A better approach might be necessary to address the main mortality cause of Mexican women.
Breast Cancer. For each Product developed by LILLY for [ * ] -------------- treatment of breast cancer LILLY shall pay to MEGABIOS:
Breast Cancer. Goals: Reduce the incidence of breast cancer in Maryland. By 2008, reduce the proportion of late stage breast cancers diagnosed in all women and reduce the rates of late diagnosis in African-American women to that of white women. Ensure that all women who develop breast cancer are diagnosed with Stage 1 disease with <1 cm tumors. Research factors contributing to high incidence and mortality rates in Maryland and develop appropriate interventions. Ensure access to prevention, screening, treatment, and follow-up care for all Maryland residents. Preserve the Cigarette Restitution Fund (CRF) for addressing health issues in Maryland. Objective 1: Determine why Maryland has high breast cancer inci- dence and mortality rates compared to other states in the nation.
Breast Cancer. A FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE The integrity of modern medical science rests on a reputation that scientific knowledge derives from scientifically sound research and rigorous (and ethical) clinical experimentation. Scientists claim biomedicine is a value-free discipline that is led by objectivity and statistical computations. However, a close examination of the biomedical field reveals a science that is greatly influenced by outside forces and often reflects the social and political atmosphere of its time. This chapter aims to present a unique perspective to the study of women and breast cancer. A feminist lens will be used to examine how ideological discourses in social environments construct the meaning of breast cancer and women’s health. Sexism and racism that is pervasive in science will be uncovered and dissected to reveal the power structures that are involved in how women experience breast cancer. History of Women’s Health Historically, the standards of medicine are derived from standards established by white males. Early clinical studies commonly studied the experiences of white men and used their experiences as a reference point to establish medical standards and practices. Up to the 1980’s, women, minorities, and children were virtually invisible to researchers and clinicians, which reinforced a social hierarchy that placed white men at the center of focus (Xxxxxxx, 2007). The exclusion of these populations was a reflection of gender and race relations of that time. As early as the 13th and 14th centuries, women’s health was pathologized and was viewed as an inherently unhealthy and inferior deviation from the male norm (Green, 2008). Scientists set out to explore the experiences of men and very seldom explored those of women and dealt with issues in women’s health with a “hands off” attitude. When scientists did examine the bodies of women, they were interested in her sexual traits- feminine beauty, shape and size of the lips, size and shape of her breasts, size and shape of clitorises, sexual desire, fertility, and her pelvis (Green, 2008; Schiebinger, 1993). Male involvement in women’s health rarely extended beyond intervening in cases of menstrual difficulties, a few uterine conditions, and in few cases of difficult child birth (Green, 2008). Essentially, the health of women was centered on her reproductive organs. Ultimately, the size, shape, and position of the pelvis emerged as the universal measurement of womanliness (Schiebinger, 1993). For exa...
Breast Cancer. First visit to PC* GP vs Patient (n=928) -5.9 44 24 32 0.90 (0.89, 0.91) GP vs Patient (n=1790) 1.4 24 35 41 0.94 (0.93, 0.94) Registry and Patient (n=2645) -5.9 15 38 47 0.98 (0.98, 0.98) Diagnosis Registry and GP (n=1822) -5.7 27 39 34 0.97 (0.97, 0.97) SP and Registry (n=1001) -4.9 17 61 23 0.99 (0.98, 0.99) SP and Patient (n=989) -1.0 16 49 35 0.93 (0.93, 0.94) Treatment SP and Patient (n=984) 2.4 62 15 23 0.89 (0.88, 0.90) Colorectal cancer First visit to PC* GP vs Patient (n=865) -3.2 24 20 56 0.89 (0.88, 0.91 ) GP vs Patient (n=1462) 1.7 16 30 55 0.95 (0.94,0.95) Registry and Patient (n=2133) -4.5 20 27 53 0.96 (0.96,0.96) Diagnosis Registry and GP (n=1517) -5.0 28 28 44 0.96 (0.96,0.97) SP and Registry (n=835) -5.1 19 51 30 0.96 (0.96,0.97) SP and Patient (n=813) -0.6 9 42 49 0.94 (0.93,0.95) Treatment SP and Patient (n=785) 3.2 55 19 26 0.91 (0.90, 0.92) Lung cancer First visit to PC GP vs Patient (n=669) 0.03 18 19 64 0.90 (0.88, 0.91 ) GP vs Patient (n=1024) 11.9 8 22 69 0.93 (0.92, 0.94) Registry and Patient (n=1449) 4.0 4 21 74 0.96 (0.96,0.97) Diagnosis Registry and GP (n=868) -9.9 23 25 53 0.96 (0.96,0.97) SP and Registry (n=452) -10.7 24 32 44 0.97 (0.96,0.97) SP and Patient (n=575) 7.7 5 30 65 0.93 (0.92,0.94) Treatment SP and Patient (n=509) 2.4 45 24 31 0.94 (0.93,0.95)
Breast Cancer. The majority of breast cancers begin in parts of breast tissue made up of glands for milk production, called lobules, and ducts that connect lobules to nipple. Breast cancers which originate in the ducts (ductal carcinomas) are the most common, and they are considered invasive when they spread into lobules or other surrounding tissues (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014a). Breast tumors are typically detected first as palpable masses, which most often turn out to be benign. If screening images identify the presence of a tumor, a biopsy is needed to determine a final diagnosis (American Cancer Society Inc., 2015a). In 2012, there were an estimated 224,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer in women (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2015). Approximately 41,000 breast cancer patients died in that same year, making breast cancer the 2nd highest cause of cancer death among women (2015). A woman living in the United States has a 12.3% (1 in 8) lifetime risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer (American Cancer Society Inc., 2015a). This risk has increased over the past four decades due to longer life expectancy, changes in reproductive patterns, menopausal hormone use, rising prevalence of obesity, and increased detection through screening (American Cancer Society Inc., 2015a). Importance of Cancer Screening Cancer screening is important for early detection and prevention. A substantial portion of cancers can be prevented through the use of screening. Cancer screening refers to testing individuals who are asymptomatic for the particular disease, and it is important because early detection reduces mortality by finding cancer early, when tumors or metastases are smallest and there is the best chance for cure (Health Resources and Services Administration; National Cancer Institute, 2015a). Screening has been known to reduce mortality for cancers of the breast, colon, rectum, cervix, and lung (National Cancer Institute, 2016a). Use of screening to detect cancer early provides better opportunities for patients to obtain more effective treatment with fewer side effects (Health Resources and Services Administration; National Cancer Institute, 2015a). Patients whose cancers are found early and are treated in a timely manner are more likely to survive these cancers than those whose cancers are not found until symptoms appear (Health Resources and Services Administration; National Cancer Institute, 2015a). The USPSTF makes recommendations about preven...
Breast Cancer. Discuss Breast Cancer Awareness and make sure the patient is aware of the Breast Cancer Screening Program so that when the Practice’s patients come up for the three yearly mammograms, the patient might be more likely to attend. Provide Breast Cancer leaflets to appropriate patients.
Breast Cancer. Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed types of cancer which despite medical advances in the recent years, represents one of the leading causes of cancer related deaths among women (Jemal et al., 2010). The 5 year relative survival rate is almost 100% for early stage tumour but dramatically drops to 21% for stage IV patients highlighting the fact that early stage tumours can be adequately treated while the management of late stage diagnoses remains challenging (Xxxxx et al., 2007). A combination of genetic and environmental factors influence the development of breast cancer including mutations on the BRCA1 and BRCA genes, increasing age, obesity, alcohol and oral contraceptives (Xxxxx and Xxxxxxx, 2016). Breast cancer is widely recognised as a very heterogeneous disease with distinct subtypes characterised by specific molecular markers and clinical outcomes (Xxxxxx et al., 2014). Tumours marked by increased expression of oestrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors have a more differentiated appearance and are thought to be hormonally regulated as they respond better to drugs targeting hormone receptors such as Tamoxifen (Xxxxxxx et al., 2004). Amplification of the human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) receptor is found in up to 30% of breast tumours and it is associated with aggressive disease and poor clinical outcomes (Xxxxxx et al., 2014). Nonetheless, the development of targeted therapies such as the monoclonal antibody Trastuzumab and tyrosine kinase inhibitor Lapatinid have significantly improved outcomes (Xxxxxx et al., 2014). Tumours lacking hormone and HER2 receptors are grouped under the disease spectrum known as triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) (Xxxxxxx et al., 2010).
