Network Model. There are “n” drones, where n ≥ 2 as shown in Fig.1. The drones are categorized into either of the two groups: Sensor Drone (S-Drone) and Gateway Drone (G-Drone). Drones from both the groups are placed in the geographical clusters that collectively make up the mission area. Each of the drones, from both G-Drones and S-Drones, are assigned a unique ID. A cluster has fixed number of drones out of which there must be a G-Drone that is linked to the ground station. A drone has following three layers: physical layer (bottom part), data link layer (middle part) and upper layer (top port). The IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee) system is installed on Sensor Drones (S- Drones). Gateway Drones (G-Drones) leverage both the radio technologies i.e. IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee) and IEEE 802.11a (Wi-Fi). In this way, the features promised by IEEE 802.11a (high-speed data transmission) and IEEE 802.15.4 (low-power consumption) are utilized by the proposed system. The process of network formation kicks off as soon as a drone lifts off. Here, the drones are, supposedly, fed the information about neighbor’s zone ID, location, altitude and speed etc. Further, the information does include the height sensors, IMU, GPS unit and the flight controller etc. The associated drones are interlinked together using the discovery function, which makes use of the beacon signals. Transmission of data between the S-Drones and G-Drones is accomplished using IEEE 802.15.4 at the frequency of 2.4 GHz. On the other hand, the data is routed between G-Drones and the ground station using IEEE 802.11a at the frequency of 5 GHz. An immediate pay off of the scheme is lower computational cost on the ground station since it only retains the information directed to it.
Network Model. We assume that a single IoT operator is coordinating the communication between low power IoT devices using UNB transmissions. We consider a single access point (AP) serving a wide area network of IoT devices. The AP reserves TF blocks in the available whitespace in existing licensed spectra for a fixed duration T in the future. Let nt denote the number of available channels of equal bandwidth β at time
Network Model. The network model for the proposed scheme (BioKA-ASVN) is provided in Fig. 1. In this network architecture, we consider the communication entities as a) user (Ui), b) drone (DRj), and c) a ground server (also considered as an authentication server) (GS). GS has a responsibility to register other entities in the network and is assumed to be a fully trusted registration authority. A user Ui can register with the GS by providing minimal information securely, and at the end of the registration process, GS gives some secret credentials for future communication and authentication. The GS registers a drone with unique and distinct credentials for each DRj. Once the registration is over, the entities are deployed into their respective working areas, and GS is placed under a physical locking system. DRj detects information from a drone’s airspace and sends it to the associated GS, which is forwarded to an attached peer-to-peer (P2P) cloud server (CS) network, also known as a blockchain center. The data is finally stored in a blockchain for secure storage.
Network Model. A typical BAN that equipped by medical users consists of some bio-sensors and a control unit. Bio-sensors are resource-limited sensors that are usu- ally worn on or implanted in the human body to measure physiological signals. They communicate with each other to provide cooperative treatment services and transmit the collected health information to the control unit for health monitoring. The control unit is a relay server that has more powerful resources than bio-sensors in terms of storage, communication and computation. The control unit can be played by a smart phone to provide health informa- tion storage and management services. The control unit performs functions of collecting physiological signals, extracting physiological features, and authenticating the identities of bio-sensors.
Network Model. Figure 2 shows the network environment and its description is as follows:
Network Model. In the general architecture of vehicular networks, the communication of vehicles among the other vehicles or with the road side units (RSUs) is based on dedicated short-range communication [20], where the vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication is the external network among the vehicles and RSUs. Vehicular Cloud Trusted Authority
Network Model. Internet TA Group RSU RSU Wireless connection Wire connection
Network Model. S × S × ··· × S S ⊂ We assume each node is identified by an index-tuple (n1, n2,..., nk), and we may use the index-tuple as the node ID. Hence each node is mapped into a point in a k-dimension space 1 2 k, where i Z for i = 1,..., k. Node IDs satisfy the following properties: S
Network Model. The architecture of the IoD-based network is illustrated in Fig. 1. In this IoD-based network scenario, numerous drones are placed in various geographic zones, which can transmit the data that they have collected to a server or control center. Consider a usage example where an external user EUi, such as an ambulance, wishes to know the traffic situation in a specific city section. EUi can acquire these details from the drones that are deployed in that geographic zone. EUi is also linked to the server via the Internet. To access real-time information, a secure remote user authentication process is necessary when an external user EUi wants to connect with and access a drone DRj. With the assistance of the server, authentication between EUi and DRj takes place. Following a successful mutual authentication process, EUi and DRj negotiate a session key 2
Network Model. The network model assumed in this protocol is a wireless network in which a broadcast channel is shared in the network. Due to the broadcast nature of the radio media, a message can be broadcast in the network with only one transmission. Hence, the proposed protocol should take advantage of this feature of the wireless network for better performance. The wireless network can be a multihop ad hoc network, or a WLAN, as long as broadcast messages can be efficiently delivered. If it is a multihop ad hoc network, then we assume that the anonymous routing mechanism is already in place in the network. The source can find a route to an expected destination with such an anonymous routing mechanism, like [19].
