Methodology and Data. The analysis is based on (1998) levels of applied agricultural tariffs, domestic support and export subsides, and the use of tariff rate quotas. Caveats need to be noted. First, tariff rates and tariff equivalent rates are based on the data in 1998. Since tariff reductions have been undertaken by many countries after 1998, and since the bound rates are much higher than the applied rates in many cases, our analysis may overestimate the extent of tariff reduction that would take effect after 2000 for some countries. Our analysis in this situation may overestimate the extent of all import barriers. A global computable general equilibrium model (CGE) is developed (Diao et al. 2001, 2002) and utilizes the GTAP global database (1997). The model is global in the sense that all regions of the world are included, and production and consumption decisions in each region follow behavior that is consistent with economic theory. Trade flows among regions are multilateral and world prices are determined by world market clearing conditions or, in other words, excess demand for each commodity in the world is zero. The general equilibrium feature of the model means that resources can move among sectors, thereby ensuring that adjustments in the livestock sector, for example, are consistent with adjustments in the feed grains sector. The assumption that labor and capital are mobile between agriculture and the non- agricultural sectors of an economy is introduced. Relaxing this assumption would slow the supply response from countries having a comparative advantage in world agricultural markets which may cause world agricultural prices to rise more than predicted by our analysis. Moreover, we assume that labor is fully employed. This assumption places upward pressure on prices since, if rural unemployed labor is available (which is likely in developing countries), supply response can occur at a lower cost. A “base” scenario was developed initially to represent a stylized view of agricultural production and trade in the world under current trade policies. First, a global trade reform scenario was simulated (scenario-1). In this scenario, all tariffs and export subsidies on agricultural imports are eliminated, while other agricultural policies remain unchanged. Countries would be affected differently as some are net exporters of agricultural goods, others are net importers. Also, the composition of agricultural exports/imports tends to vary among countries. Second, the European U...
Methodology and Data. The Impact Assessment follows the extrapolation accounting framework model developed by the EC JRC in the Impact Assessment of SIMPHS2. This impact assessment aimed at investigating the economic impacts of deploying eHealth technologies in EU, and it specifically focused on Integrated Personal Health and care Services (IPHS) (Xxxxxx, 2012). This framework constructs some output indicators using Member States statistics on diseases’ prevalence, mortality, and hospital utilisation and costs. The model includes three diseases: Congestive heart failure (CHF), Diabetes, and Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Similarly, the present assessment compares the costs of the deployment of DOREMI with the expected benefits obtained from the model. DOREMI costs depend on the production costs, the costs of installing and providing DOREMI per user, and the deployment level. On the other hand, benefits stem from the expected reduction in health care expenditure thanks to the deployment of XXXXXX as well as to the expected increase in elderly’s quality of life (decrease in mortality). In order to do this, the model links input data (diseases’ prevalence, hospital costs, etc.) with two outputs: value of reduced hospitalisation, and value of reduced annual mortality, which are both measured in monetary terms. XXXXXX is expected to bring savings to the health systems by decreasing the prevalence of sedentariness, mild cognitive decline, and malnutrition in the EU society. As explained above, these conditions are associated with several diseases which imply heavy health expenditure. Therefore, a reduction in the prevalence of these conditions would decrease costs for the health systems. DOREMI savings can be calculated using the following formula:
Methodology and Data. In this paper “treatment“ received or the policy event is the formal and announced adoption of an inflation targeting monetary policy by the central bank of a country, and the outcome it it will be the level of inflation (and later its variability over time). To put this in perspective, let Y 1 be the potential outcome for country i that is considered to be a Targeter at time t, and let Y 0 be the potential outcome for the same country i without being a Targeter at time t. Let W = 1 indicate that inflation targeting was formally adopted, and W = 0 indi- cate the opposite case. Lastly, let X be a set of multiple observable characteristics for each country. In this study the set is selected based on both theory and previous studies and it consists of the following variables: the first lag of inflation (past inflation), the growth of money supply, trade openness, an indicator of financial development, deviation of real GDP from its trend, government spending as a percentage of real GDP, a dummy variable for membership in the EU, and another dummy variable for prior use of a fixed exchange rate as a monetary policy regime. it it it Our initial goal is to estimate the conditional average treatment effect of the formal adoption of inflation targeting on the Targeters (ATT). This entails comparing the average outcome of the Targeters under inflation targeting (Y 1|W = 1) and the potential outcome of the Targeters had they not adopted inflation targeting (Y 0|W = 1). The counterfactual is a missing observation, that is (Y 0|W = 1) is unobservable. Under certain assumptions (see below), the treatment effect estimated is given by; it it ATT = (Y 1|W = 1, X) − (Y 0|W = 1, X) (38) it it = (Y 1|W = 1, X) − (Y 0|W = 0, X) (39) The reliability of the obtained estimates depends on a high level of similarity in the char- acteristics of the matched Targeters and Non- Targeters. To see clearly how this works one ought to first conceive the adoption of inflation targeting in a randomized experiment and examine certain key assumptions well known in the literature such as the following:
Methodology and Data. In order to accomplish the objectives of this academic paper, a qualitative research was undertaken in a field that has limited scholarly publications and research sources, including expanded publications, are scarce. For the preparation of this essay a number of reliable sources were used including: the official websites of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Paraguay, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Singapore, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Vietnam, Korea and the President’s office of Taiwan. At its core is the establishment of Paraguayan Foreign Policy as viewed from Asuncion, whereas elaborating a careful analysis on the economic prospects that exist under the framework of current bilateral and multilateral negotiations that connect Asia’s and Europe’s highly developed economies with South America’s underrated MERCOSUR founding member, the brave Guaraní Nation.
