Fate. Xxxx-known, general multimedia fate models include XxxxXXX (Mackay et al., 1991; Mackay et al., 1996B, CEMC, 2003), CalTOX (XxXxxx, 1993; XxXxxx et al., 2001), SimpleBox (Xxx xx Xxxxx, 1993; Xxxxxxx et al., 1996; Xxx Xxxxxxxxx & Xxx xx Xxxxx, 2004), HAZCHEM (Xxxxxxxx, 1994), CemoS (Xxxxxx et al., 1995), Globo-POP (Xxxxx & Mackay, 1995), EQC (Mackay et al., 1996A), models of the BETR series (XxxXxxx et al., 2001, Xxxxxxxxxxx et al., 2004; Xxxxx et al., 2004; XxxXxxx et al., 2005), X-XXXXX (Xxxxxx et al., 2004) and MATSON (Xxxxxxxx, 2006). The SimpleBox multimedia fate model is included in the combined fate, exposure and effect models USES (RIVM, VROM, MVC, 1994; Xxxxxxx & Xxxxx, 1997; Xxxxxxx & Xxxxxx, 1999) and EUSES (ECB, 1997; EC, 2004), that have been developed for HERA-purposes. The CalTOX model is also a combined fate and * These include overseas territories (like Réunion) and uninhabited areas (like Antarctica). exposure model. Most multimedia models are box models that are based on the assumption of instantaneous homogeneous mixing within each (sub)compartment. Globo-POP, BETR-global and BETR-world are global scale, spatially differenti- ated fate models. In Globo-POP, the world is divided into nine segments, the boundaries of which are based on climate types for each hemisphere. In BETR- world, the world is divided into 25 parts, roughly consisting of partial continents and oceans, respectively. Both models have been designed primarily as ‘pure’ fate models for analytical environmental purposes. A special feature of global multimedia fate models is the fact that polar regions are included in these models. Since frozen soil and water surfaces cause deviations in substance behaviour compared to the behaviour predicted by the conventional equations for substance fate, adapted modelling assumptions are needed for these regions. In Globo-POP, diffusion processes between air and frozen water and soil surfaces are switched off at below zero temperatures. Models that have been widely used for LCA toxicity assessment include CalTOX and USES. CalTOX is used as a stand-alone LCA toxicity characterisation model (Hertwich et al., 2001) and is also applied for toxicity assessment in the LCA model XXXXX (Bare et al., 2002). USES is used as a basis for the adapted model USES- LCA (Huijbregts et al., 2000), which has been used for the calculation of the LCA toxicity characterisation factors that are included in the CML Handbook on Life Gycle Assessment (Guinée et a...
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