Energy Consumption. Instruments shall be provided to measure the electrical energy or fuel consumption of the refrigeration unit. The electrical energy and fuel consumption shall be determined with an accuracy of ±0.5%.
Energy Consumption. AI reserves the right to enter a Unit to turn off appliances left in operation when no one is present, to conserve energy. Doors must remain closed in order to prevent air conditioning malfunctions. The Student agrees not to use any appliances, fixtures, or plumbing facilities in the Unit for any purpose other than that for which said items were designed. Any damage resulting from the misuse of such items shall be paid for by the Student.
Energy Consumption. As nodes in WBAN are severely en- ergy constrained, the PPKA protocol needs to be minimalistic in terms of computation, communication and storage overhead. TABLE I: Notations used in [7] Symbol h(.) (a, b) ⊕ SA N HN IN idN idIj N tidN kHN kN , fN rN aN , bN xN , yN α, β, γ, η, µ kS tN X → Y : Z Description Cryptographic hash function Concatenation of a and b Bitwise XOR operation k System Administrator Normal Node Hub Node Intermediary Node Long term secret/identity of node N Relay identity of node IN Temporary identity of node N Master secret key of HN Temporary secret parameters chosen by HN Temporary secret parameter chosen by N Authentication parameters stored in N Auxiliary authentication parameters Authentication parameters computed by HN Shared session key Timestamp generated by node N Entity X sends message Z to entity Y Energy consumption in WBANs is dominated by radio com- munications [10], which mainly depends on the number of bits to be transmitted within the network. Consequently, the PPKA protocol should be designed such that the number of bits to be exchanged between the protocol participants and the computational overhead for nodes N should be minimal.
Energy Consumption. For LICENSOR’S process areas 1300, 1400, 1500, 1550 and 1900: Not more than [ * ] lbs. of steam per pound of anhydrous alcohol produced. (Steam shall be saturated and at a pressure of not less than [ * ] psig at the battery limits.) MAY 1, 2006 PROCESS GUARANTEE SCHEDULE C SPECIFICATIONS OF AUXILIARIES, CHEMICAL AND UTILITIES AS PRE-CONDITION FOR PERFORMANCE TEST
Energy Consumption. The Austin Energy thermostat control events described above may be preceded by "pre-cool" periods, wherein the current or scheduled target setpoint is temporarilily decreased to prepare the premises for the subsequent setpoint increase. Sponsor is not responsible for any changes to your electricity costs or any electricity costs incurred by you during or related to the Program.
Energy Consumption. SEATTLE CENTRAL reserves the right to enter a Unit to turn off appliances left in operation when no one is present, to conserve energy. Doors must remain closed in order to prevent heating and/or air conditioning malfunctions. The Resident agrees not to use any appliances, fixtures, or plumbing facilities in the Unit for any purpose other than that for which said items were designed. Any damage resulting from the misuse of such items shall be paid for by the Resident.
Energy Consumption. Researchers need to consider the size and speed of the message being sent to the recipient. This is because data transmission occurs under Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) and, in the case of vehicle networks defined in IEEE 802.11p, it belongs to the physical protocol layer. This IEEE standard operates at 10 MHz channel bandwidth, 5.8 GHz frequency, 25 dBm transmit power, and 6 Mbps data rate [35]. The energy consumption for the verification scheme can be calculated as Eet (for the execution time of key generation and message confirmation) Eco (for the communication cost for message confirmation) and it is measured in millijoule (mJ). For the execution time, Eet = Tc ∗ C, where Tc = Total computation cost, C = cpu maximum power, which is 10.88 W for wireless communication networks [36]. Eet = (Dm ∗ C)/(Dr), where Dm = the size of message, Dr = the data rate for vehicular communications (6000 Kbps). By referring to Table 5, we can say that the proposed protocol consumes the least energy. Table 5. Energy consumption. Protocols Execution Energy Consumption Communication Energy Consumption Xxxxxxxx et al. [13] 203.978 mJ 0.239 xX Xxxxx et al. [16] 0.774 mJ 0.181 xX Xxxxxxxxx et al. [4] 0.305 mJ 0.225 xX Xxxx 0.024 mJ 0.181 mJ
Energy Consumption. As nodes in a WBAN are severely energy constrained, the PPKA protocol needs to be mini- malistic in terms of computation, communication and stor- age overhead. Energy consumption in WBANs is dominated by radio communications [11], which mainly depends on the number of bits to be transmitted within the network. Conse- quently, the PPKA protocol should be designed such that the number of bits to be exchanged between the protocol partic- ipants and the computational overhead for nodes N should be minimal. Stateless HN. HN is the consistent nucleus of the network whose lack of accessibility will have devastating effects on the complete WBAN. As the network topology in WBANs is dynamic where client nodes join and leave the network on a frequent basis; it is imperative for HN’s accessibility that it be independent of such dynamism. Consequently, an important requirement is that the PPKA protocol should not require HN to maintain a state of the WBAN nodes.
Energy Consumption. The energy consumption of the whole truck fleet in the baseline scenario follows an increasing trend as the limited improvement in truck efficiency is not able to offset the increase in energy demand due to the increasing activity. In particular, in 2020 the energy consumption of the total trucks fleet is around 69.9 Mtoe. In 2025 the consumption is found to increase by approximately 2% (71.3 Mtoe) with respect to 2020 and in 2030 an additional increase of 2% (72.7 Mtoe) is observed (Table 4). Table 4: Heavy duty trucks energy consumption (in Mtoe) in the various scenarios. Scenario 2010 2020 2025 2030 baseline 64.0 69.9 71.3 72.7 10%-20% 64.0 69.9 70.8 70.8 15%-30% 64.0 69.9 70.2 69.0 20%-35% 64.0 69.9 69.7 67.9 The picture changes when the standard is in place. In the case of the 10%-20% scenario, the energy consumption displays an increase of 1.3% in 2025 relative to 2020 and remains essentially stable in 2030 showing a slight further increase of less than 0.1% relative to 2025. The 15%-30% scenario displays a decrease of -1.7% in 2030 relative to the levels of 2020 and indicates that at this point the effect of the emission standard to the energy consumption more than compensates the effect of increased activity. In the 20%- 35% scenario a slight decrease of -0.3% appears already in 2025 and a further, more apparent, decrease of -2.6% is observed in 2030, relative to 2020. The savings in energy consumption are achieved primarily by the emission standards leading to the adoption of more efficient technologies and secondarily by a change in the fuel type mix. Regarding the efficiency improvement of trucks, an interesting aspect of our findings is that the percentage improvement is relatively uniform over all truck categories. Figure 4 displays the efficiency improvement for the new registrations of 4 wheel configurations in 2030, (incl. both long haul and regional delivery trucks altogether in each category). ` Figure 4 Improvement in the energy efficiency of new 4x2 and 6x2 tractor and rigid truck registrations for the various scenarios in 2030. CO2 emissions While, CO2 standards on truck manufacturers incite the market penetration of less carbon intensive technologies, the overall emissions of the heavy duty truck sector decrease with a relative inertia, since the fleet also comprises of vehicles purchased from previous time periods where no standard was in place. When comparing the 15%-30% scenario against the baseline, we observe a similar reduction ...
Energy Consumption. For energy consumption calculation only, energy used in generating AV is considered since it is the most important phase. For the 3GPP defined and proposed AKA authentication protocols, the terminal’s security activities include the execution of the EPS-AKA and the IMS-AKA authentication protocol. Therefore, E=EEPS-AKA + EIMS-AKA where E denotes the energy consumption. In the 3GPP defined authentication protocol, the terminal’s energy cost to execute the EPS-AKA authentication protocol includes the generation of AUTN number which is made up of generating Anonymity Key (AK) and MAC, generating the RES number, and generating CK, IK and deriving KASME as shown in (14). E3GPP-EPS-AKA = EAK + EMAC + ERES + XXX + EIK + EKASME (14) (AVISPA) [19], which indicated that it is a very secure level. The main advantage of this tool is the ability to use different verification techniques on the same protocol specification. The protocol designer interacts with the tool by specifying a security problem in the High Level Protocol Specification Language (HLPSL). The HLPSL is an expressive, modular, role-based, formal language that is used to specify control-flow patterns, data-structures, alternative intruder models and complex security properties, as well as different cryptographic primitives and their algebraic properties. The primary goal of our proposed protocol is to provide mutual AKA services between the IoT devices, the MME and the PCSCF. We need to verify that the proposed protocol can provide a successful mutual authentication between the entities by using back-end servers. The output of the model checking results are shown in Figs. 8 and 9. The energy cost to execute the IMS-AKA authentication protocol is shown in (15). E3GPP-IMS-AKA = EAK + EMAC + ERES + XXX + EIK (15) We used the AES as the kernel encryption algorithm. In addition, Keyed Hash MAC-Secure Hash Algorithm (HMAC-SHA-256) is used as the key derivation function. The energy consumption of AES and HMAC was analyzed in [20]. The results showed the energy consumption of AES algorithm is made first in the key setup phase which is 7.87 μJ and the second is in the encryption/decryption phase. In the encryption/decryption phase, the Energy Consumption Per Byte (EPB) is 1.21 μJ. For the HMAC-SHA-256, the EPB is 1.16 μJ. Therefore, the energy can be calculated as shown in (16) and (17). Protocols Storage Cost (bits) IMS-AKA 128+1536 EPS-AKA 276+1088 Proposed AKA 276+1088+368 (LTE Domain) 128+256+192 (IMS Domain)...
