Diagnosis of Diabetes Sample Clauses

Diagnosis of Diabetes. Different biomarkers have been used to define when diabetes is present, including fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h plasma glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test (2hOGTT), and, more recently, HbA1c (NCD Risk Factor Collaboration, 2015). Several recognised tests that are used to diagnose diabetes are described below. - Fasting plasma glucose - measures plasma, or blood, glucose levels after a person has fasted (Xxxxxx, 1995). - Random capillary blood glucose – this test is the most convenient way to reach out to a large number of people (Somannavar, Xxxxxxx, Xxxxx, Xxxxx, & Xxxxx, 2009). However, although it is an established diagnostic criterion for diabetes, it is very insensitive, requiring diabetes to be in poor glycaemic control (Xxxxxx et al., 2008). Therefore, this test may well not effectively identify pre-diabetes. - Oral glucose tolerance test - is used to determine whether the body has difficulty metabolising the intake of sugar/carbohydrate. The patient is asked to take a glucose drink and their blood glucose level is measured before and at intervals after the sugary drink is taken. The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is costly and time-consuming, but is seen as the gold-standard test (Xxxxx et al., 2010; Xxxxxxxx, 2012). - HbA1c - The A1C test is universally considered one of the best, if not the best, measure of the quality of healthcare provided to people with diabetes (Xxxx, 2011). The most recent measure used in diagnosing diabetes, HbA1c testing does not require a person to fast and therefore does not need to be restricted to certain times of the day (Xxxxxxxxxxx, 2009). The WHO Consultation in 2009 concluded that HbA1c can be used as a diagnostic test for diabetes, provided that stringent quality assurance tests are in place and assays are standardised to criteria aligned to the international reference values, and there are no conditions present which preclude its accurate measurement (WHO, 2011). The latest guidelines recommended for a diagnosis of diabetes by WHO (WHO, 2006) and XXX (ADA, 2012) are: - A fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level of ≥ 126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l) or - Symptoms (such as polyuria, polydipsia, unexplained weight loss) and - A casual plasma glucose/ random plasma glucose level ≥ 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l) or - A plasma glucose level of ≥ 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l) two hours after a 75g glucose load, or - HbA1c value of ≥ 6.5%. Once the diagnosis is confirmed, an attempt is made to classify the type of diabetes. Distinctio...
Sample 1
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Diagnosis of Diabetes. Table 3 represents a contingency table, which is taken from Xxxxxxx-Xxxxxxx et al. [8] which refers to the concordance oral glucose tolerance test in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary revascularization. Table 3. Concordance oral glucose tolerance test in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary revascularization Oral Glucose Tolerance Test at Revascularization Oral Glucose Tolerance Test at 1 Month A B C A: Normal 17 2 3 22 B: Glucose Intolerance 22 10 4 36 C: Diabetes Mellitus 10 11 9 30 88 Estimated kappa coefficient, its variance, lower, and upper bounds of the confidence interval of diagnosis of diabetes data are shown in Table 4. There is a “slight agreement” between test results [9]. Table 4. Estimated kappa coefficient of diagnosis of diabetes data 0.146 0.0048 0.0108 0.2812 Tables 5 and 6 show bootstrap estimates of and and their variance, lower, and upper bounds of 95% confidence intervals, and the biases. The sample sizes are taken as 30, 50, 70, and 87. When the results are compared, the bootstrap estimation of variance for is smaller than the variance for for all considered sample sizes. The variances of bootstrap estimation of are found smaller than 's. When the bootstrap results are compared to the classical estimation of 's results, the bootstrap estimation of the variance of is smaller than the variance of classical estimation of for . However, this value of sample size is and the variances gradually decrease with the increasing sample sizes for . Table 5. The bootstrap estimation of , , 95% CI, and the biases under simple random sampling for diagnosis of diabetes data Bias 30 0.1445 0.0093 0.0132 -0.0785 0.3675 -0.0015 0.0084 50 0.1446 0.0037 0.0074 -0.0238 0.3131 -0.0014 0.0027 70 0.1462 0.0013 0.0052 0.0054 0.2870 0.0002 0.0004 87 0.1459 0.0001 0.0041 0.0203 0.2716 -0.0001 -0.0007 Table 6. The bootstrap estimation of , , 95% CI, and the biases under stratified random sampling for diagnosis of diabetes data Bias 30 0.1463 0.0090 0.0066 -0.0120 0.3045 0.0003 0.0018 50 0.1456 0.0035 0.0025 0.0468 0.2443 -0.0004 -0.0022 70 0.1461 0.0011 0.0008 0.0910 0.2012 0.0001 -0.0040 87 0.1459 0.0000 0.0000 0.1334 0.1583 -0.0001 -0.0047 The widths of the 95% confidence intervals of and are calculated and summarized in Figure 1. For all sample sizes, the widths of confidence interval (CI) for are narrower than the widths of CI for . The deviation of widths for is also smaller. While the sample size increases, the difference between the widths of...
Sample 1

Related to Diagnosis of Diabetes

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On the other hand, psychotherapy has also been shown to have benefits for people who go through it. Therapy often leads to better relationships, solutions to specific problems, significant reductions in feelings of distress, improved sleep, and less fatigue. But there are no guarantees as to what you will experience. Our first session will involve an evaluation of your needs. By the end of the evaluation, I will be able to offer you some first impressions of what our work will include and a treatment plan to follow, if you decide to continue with me for therapy. You should evaluate this information along with your own opinions about whether you feel comfortable working with me. At the end of the evaluation, I will notify you if I believe that I am not the right therapist for you and if so, I will give you referrals to other practitioners who I believe are better suited to help you. Therapy involves a large commitment of time, money, and energy, so you should be very careful about the therapist you select. If you have questions about my procedures, we should discuss them whenever they arise. If your doubts persist, I will be happy to help you set up a meeting with another mental health professional for a second opinion. Please note that the psychological services I provide are not for emergency situations. For emergencies, call 911 or go to the nearest emergency room. FEES My fee is $395 for an initial evaluation lasting 90 minutes, and $250 for each subsequent psychotherapy session (either in-person or over the telephone) lasting 45 minutes. I charge this same $250 per 45-minutes rate for other professional services you may need, though I will prorate the cost if I work for periods of less than 45 minutes in increments of 15 minutes, rounded to the nearest 15-minute increment (e.g., 22 minutes of service will be charged for 15 minutes whereas 23 minutes of service will be charged for 30 minutes). Other professional services include telephone conversations or email responses lasting longer than 15 minutes, and the time spent performing any other service you may request of me. If you become involved in legal proceedings that require my participation, you will be expected to pay for any professional time I spend on your legal matter, even if the request comes from another party, at the same $250 per 45-minutes rate. I do not charge for time spent writing reports and progress notes as per the standard routine of my care of you. I also do not charge for any time I may spend collaborating with your other providers. From time to time, I may institute fee increases and these will be discussed and agreed upon ahead of time with a new Treatment Contract. If it has been more than one year since our last appointment, then you will re-initiate services at my current standard fee which may be higher than the fee you were previously paying. In addition, if it has been more than one year since our last appointment, you will be scheduled for another initial evaluation (90 minutes) and charged accordingly, with subsequent 45-minute psychotherapy sessions thereafter. INSURANCE REIMBURSEMENT You are responsible for paying your full session fee. I am not in-network with any insurance companies. If you decide to submit claims to your insurance company for reimbursement for any out-of-network benefits you might have, you may do so. However, be aware that the services provided will still be charged to you, not your insurance company, and you are responsible for the full payment. 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