Model fit. All model fit indices were interpreted in accordance with the methodology section of this manuscript (subsection 3.7.3). The 𝜒2/df ratio was 4,206.497/497=8.462, which was statistically significant (p < .001), though this was not deemed problematic due to the large sample size. The comparative fit index and Xxxxxx-Xxxxx Index both produced the same number and exceeded the accepted values of .90 with estimates of CFI = .98, TLI = .97. Finally, RMSEA = .025, with (L = 0.024 and U = 0.026). After including Academic Performance and ESCS factors in the final model, following changes were occurred: The 𝜒2/df ratio increased and showed 7,022.733/526 = 13.349; there was a slight decrease in CFI with CFI = .967 and TLI =.963; there was a slight increase in SRMR = .053; there was a slight increase in RMSEA with RMSEA = .032.
Model fit. ‌ All model fit indices were interpreted in accordance with the methodology. The 𝜒2/df ratio was 5,440.940/704, i.e., 7.73, which was statistically significant (p < .001). However, this result is quite common with larger models and large numbers of students. Other less biased fit indices were also examined. Comparative fit index and Xxxxxx-Xxxxx Index both produced the same number and exceeded the accepted values of .90 with estimates of CFI = .98, TLI = .98. Finally RMSEA = .027, with (L=0.026 and U=0.028). After including Gender and ESCS in the structural model, the following changes occurred. The 𝜒2/df ratio grew and it was 6841.238/780, i.e., 8.77, with TLI = .97, slightly higher SRMR = .034 and RMSEA = .029, with (L=0.028 and U=0.030), whereas p value and CFI stayed unchanged. Three decimal places were selected for this category due to the numbers being close to each other (see Table 6). Table 6 Model Fit Indices for Measurement and Structural Model Model Fit Indices Model N X2 df X2/df P CFI TLI SRMR RMSEA CFA & SEM 11,317 5,440.940 704 7.73 < .001 .98 .98 .023 .027(L=.026, U =.028) SEM with Gender and ESCS 11317 6841.238 780 8.77 < .001 .98 .97 .034 .029(L=.028, U =.030) Note. N = number of observations; 𝜒2 = Chi-squared; df = degrees of freedom; CFI = comparative fit index; TLI = Xxxxxx-Xxxxx Index; SRMR = Standardized Root Mean Square Residual; RMSEA = root mean square error of approximation; U = upper 90% confidence interval; L=lower 90% confidence interval. Therefore, an inspection of model fit suggested that the model was a sound representation of the data and, therefore, the model may provide a substantive contribution to the theory concerning the role of class climate on student academic performance in Kazakhstan.
Model fit. 1Political Activity: Using the four-point scale in the survey, activity is evaluated using survey questions #9 (USCM participation), #10 (elections participation), #11 (reads news), and #12 (town hall participation). High political activity is defined by high scores on all four questions (#9-12), medium political activity by average scores and low political activity by low scores. 2Signatory Status: MCPA Signatories are scored as “1”; non-signatories are scored as “0”. What the researcher expects to likely emerge from the data collection and analysis in the logit and structural equation models above is that no single factor is responsible for garnering mayoral signatories to the Mayors Climate Protection Agreement. What will emerge, rather, is a confluence of multiple factors that when joined together creates sufficient will and capacity to enable this particular social movement to effectively organize. For the climate change movement or for readers interested in climate change specifically, this research hopes to illuminate the key factors motivating mayors to sign the MCPA. For readers interested in social movements, however, more analysis is warranted before answering the three concepts enumerated in the “Concepts and Measures” section. On the concept of democracy—which observes local action in lieu of state and federal action—this research will likely help affirm or disavow the notion that a trend is on the rise towards local agency and empowerment. On the concept of claims-making— which requires individual agency and observable behaviors to effectively make a claim—this research will help clarify how important the role of individuals and behaviors were in the MCPA recruitment and mobilization process, and by extrapolation, social movement processes. On the concept of political opportunity—which assumes that a broad set of political constraints and opportunities shape social movements—this research will help identify the levels of mayoral freedom and political opportunity within the MCPA movement. In organizing the MCPA, the mayors are experiencing a resurgence of power, on par with the mayoral political presence of the 1930s. In analyzing the MCPA, this research aims to uncover the underlying factors behind this one aspect of U.S. mayoral renaissance. A new model of crisis response may be emerging on the local level, in time to save an overheated planet. However, whether the mayors as a social movement will continue to capitalize on their emerging pro...
Model fit. The fit of the final models for each of the outcomes was assessed using Likelihood Ratio test statistics, which tested the null hypothesis that the beta values of each of the covariates is equal to zero. The model of the association between neighborhood deprivation and drinking during pregnancy resulted in a significant Likelihood Ratio test, indication that the final model had good fit when controlling for age and payment, and when including the interaction term NDI*Payment (LR = 2975.37; p <0.0001). Separate models for the association between neighborhood deprivation and smoking during pregnancy were used to assess the effect of each of the interaction terms separately. The model for the outcome smoking during pregnancy had good fit when controlling for age, race/ethnicity, education, and payment, and when including the interaction term NDI*Age (LR = 2429.71; p <0.0001). In addition, the model for the outcome smoking during pregnancy that controlled for these same variables but included the interaction term NDI*Race also had good fit (LR = 2064.73; p < 0.0001). The model for the association between neighborhood deprivation and smoking and drinking during pregnancy had also had good fit when controlling for age, race/ethnicity, and payment (LR = 63.29; p < 0.0001).
