Emergence. All conditions precedent to the Plan becoming effective have been satisfied, and the Effective Date (as defined in the Plan) has occurred.
Emergence. All conditions precedent to the First Amended Plan of Reorganization Proposed by NutraCea and the Unsecured Creditors Committee, dated August 10, 2010 (DE # 548), as amended from time to time, pursuant to Chapter 11 of Title 11 of the United States Code (the “Plan”), becoming effective have been satisfied, and the Effective Date (as defined in the Plan) has occurred.
Emergence. Patterns of use and of buying and selling emerge as the simulation progresses.
Emergence. Why did such an issue creep into the world trading system? The World Trade Organization effectively reduced tariff and then non-tariff barriers to trade. Market access improved significantly (GATT Art. III: National Treatment Principle; GATT Art. XI: Quantitative Restrictions) and tariffs were reduced progressively (GATT Art. I: Most Favoured Nation Treatment Principle read with Art II: Schedules of Concessions) which made it impossible for countries to use these means for trade restriction. Then what was left for trade protectionism and arbitrary and unjustifiable discrimination against foreign goods entering into the importing country. It were the exceptions under Article XX of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (“GATT”) which were ingeniously used or rather misused by countries to restrict trade under the WTO regime. And this difference concerns “national product standards”. GATT Art. XX : Subject to the requirement that such measures are not applied in a manner which would constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries where the same conditions prevail, or a disguised restriction on international trade, nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to prevent the adoption or enforcement by any contracting party of measures: (b) necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health; And as far as human, animal and plant life and health are concerned GATT Art. XX (b) exception was invoked for a disguised restriction on trade by having a different set of product standards for protection.
Emergence. Given the high level of agents’ interactions in the model, there is a strong possibil- ity to observe emerging behaviour. On the social level, agents’ decision making mechanisms allow for the self-organization of the social structures. The informa- tion sharing capability may give the agents the possibility to increase their utility by imitating neighbouring agents.
Emergence. In various fields (e.g. physics, sociology, computer science, biology, economics), the phe- nomenon known as emergence has been observed. Despite its appearance across a large variety of fields, in each the notion of emergence typically consists of a group of many interacting parts that cause some global property to emerge. This property is built from the culmination of all interactions, yet the interactions themselves show no design towards this emergent property. In physics, a commonly studied example is Xxxxxxxx–B´enard convection cells [44], where heating a liquid causes seemingly stochastic movements at the atomic level, yet globally, structures emerge. Each atom rises when heated, drops when it cools, and bounces off other atoms in the process. These simple interactions cause multiple distinct structures to emerge, with no controlling force directing their construction. Similarly, in economics, a stock market consists of a large number of self-interested traders that are motivated by their own improvement or gain. Yet what emerges is a robust mechanism for the allocation of effort that ensures a country produces all the resources it requires. This point is made succinctly by the economist, Xxxx Xxxxx, when referring to such traders [112]: “He intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention.” Though the definition of emergence in each field may vary, and each gives a varying degree of specificity, each typically recognises that such emergent systems [104, 10] exhibit some common properties and, in particular, some emergent phenomenon can be observed [30, 54, 22]. In this section a number of examples of emergence are discussed, drawn from some of the fields named above. Following this, we draw out some of the generally recognised concepts or properties of such systems, relating them to each of the discussed scenarios.
