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Keywords. Contract Concept, Contract Principle, Islamic Law A. Pendahuluan Hubungan dan pergaulan manusia dengan manusia lain akan menimbulkan berbagai macam ikatan dalam masyarakat. Setiap ikatan dilakukan oleh masing- masing anggota masyarakat untuk mempertahankan nilai-nilai kemanusiaan selaku makhluk Allah, yaitu dengan memelihara ikatan batin antara individu dalam bermasyarakat, di samping juga perjuangan individu untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya yang bersifat materil. Masing-masing mengadakan perikatan yang berupa perjanjian (akad), seperti akad jual-beli, sewa-menyewa, hutang piutang, dan lain-lain. Tujuan pokok akad adalah untuk mengatur hubungan yang saling menguntungkan dan kemashlahatan serta kemanfaatan, tolong-menolong antara pihak-pihak yang melakukan kerasama agar semuanya berjalan baik dan lancar.2 Akad merupakan kesepakatan dalam suatu perjanjian antara dua pihak atau lebih untuk melakukan ataupun tidak melakukan perbuatan hukum tertentu.3 Akad merupakan tindakan hukum dua pihak karena akad adalah pertemuan ijab yang mempresentasikan keinginan salah satu pihak yang melakukan akad dan qabul 1 Dosen Jurusan Syariah dan dan Ekonomi Islam STAIN Syaikh Abdurahman Siddik Bangka Belitung, email: xxxxxxxxxxx00@xxxxx.xxx 2 Zahri Hamid, Asas-asas Mu‟amalah Tentang Fungsi Akad Dalam Masyarakat (Yogyakarta: IAIN Sunan Kalijaga, t.t.), hlm, 24. 3 Pusat Pengkajian Hukum Islam dan Masyarakat Madani (PPHIMM), Kompilasi Hukum Ekonomi Syari‟ah, edisi revisi (Jakarta: Kencana, 2009), hlm. 15. merupakan keinginan pihak lain yang juga terlibat pada akad.4 Pada sisi lain, akad juga diartikan sebagai pertalian ijab (pernyataan melakukan ikatan) dan kabul (pernyataan penerimaan ikatan) sesuai dengan kehendak syariat yang berpengaruh pada objek perikatan. Makna “sesuai dengan kehendak syari‟at” yaitu seluruh perikatan yang dilakukan oleh dua pihak atau lebih tidak boleh apabila tidak sejalan dengan kehendak syara‟, misalnya kesepakatan antara beberapa orang atau badan bertransaksi dengen riba, menipu orang lain, atau merampok kekayaan orang lain. Adapun pencantuman kalimat “berpengaruh pada objek perikatan” maksudnya adalah berpindahnya kepemilikan objek akad yang ditransaksikan dari pihak penjual kepada pihak pembeli atau dari pihak yang menyampaikan ijab kepada pihak yang menjawab ijab dengan kabul. Mustafa Anas az-Zarqa (tokoh fikih Yordania asal Suriah) menyatakan bahwa tindakan hukum yang dilakukan manusia terdiri dari dua bentuk, yaitu (1) tindakan dalam bentuk perbu...
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Keywords. RCEP; Trade and welfare; Carbon mitigation; Input-output analysis; Sectoral linkage Introduction Regional trade agreements (RTAs) have been sweeping the world and have become ubiquitous in efforts to facilitate international trade and investment1-3. After an 8-year- long negotiation, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) finally concluded in November 2020 and became the largest RTA in the world in terms of both economic size and population. According to the Schedule of Tariff Commitments in the RCEP Agreement, over 90% of the trade in goods will eventually have zero tariffs, and most of them will be duty-free immediately or within ten years after the agreement enters into force. Tariff elimination in the region will reduce trade and production costs, resulting in considerable trade-creation and production-boosting effects. However, increased international production fragmentation has raised concerns about the trade-climate dilemma (or pollution haven effect) of international trade4-10. That is, international trade increases global or regional emissions if developed economies with cleaner production technology and more stringent environmental policies transfer their polluting industries or production activities to developing countries, leading to emission leakage. Most of the RCEP member countries are typical developing economies that are less emission efficient in their manufacturing industries. In 2018, the amount of CO2 emitted by RCEP member countries accounted for a high share (39.13%11) of global CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. Therefore, the rapid growth of production activities and trade in an increasing number of less developed nations could impose non-negligible burdens on global and national emission mitigation. Previous work deals with the economic effects of RTAs, and the other deals with the environmental side effects of international trade. The first strand of the literature focuses on quantifying the economic welfare effects of RTAs12-17 and has largely neglected environmental problems. Conversely, the second strand has substantially accounted ex post for the large carbon flows between countries via international trade18-27. In fact, few studies have ex ante quantified the environmental effects of a trade agreement. In this study, we aim to estimate such burdens after evaluating the economic effects of RCEP tariff reductions. The quantification of both RCEP economic gains and environmental burdens has important policy im...
Keywords. Cardiac function evaluation; limited echocardiography; volume assessment (Siriraj Med J 2019; 71: 253-260) INTRODUCTION Delayed diagnosis and treatment of shock can lead to multi-organ dysfunction syndrome and possibly death. In general, shock can be classified into four categories1: hypovolemic, distributive, cardiogenic, and obstructive. The different types of shock need different approaches to the management of volume resuscitation. Most types of shock improve with fluid bolus except cardiogenic shock, for which fluid bolus may be harmful. Therefore, a left ventricular function (LVF) assessment is one of the important Corresponding author: Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxxx E-mail: xxxxxxxxx.xxxx@xxxxx.xxx Received 12 October 2018 Revised 19 April 2019 Accepted 14 May 2019 ORCID ID: xxxx://xxxxx.xxx/0000-0003-1513-2818 xxxx://xx.xxx.xxx/10.33192/Smj.2019.39 initial steps in deciding whether to give fluid. Cardiogenic shock should be considered if the LVF is poor, but fluid should not be given for that condition. Furthermore, performing an accurate volume status assessment is one of the critical steps in effectively and safely managing shock, and it results in a decrease in mortality.2,3 However, volume assessment using only a physical examination has some limitations, for example, in overweight patients or when it is performed by inexperienced physicians.4 Moreover, a physical examination alone is inadequate for differentiating hypovolemic from cardiogenic shock.5 A chest radiograph is another measure used to evaluate volume status; however, it might not be feasible for use with some overweight patients or those who cannot inspire deeply. Even when interpreted by a radiologist, the sensitivity of chest radiographs has been found to be only 53%, with an accuracy of only 68% for diagnosing acute congestive heart failure.6 Nowadays, point-of-care ultrasound (PoCUS) has become an important tool for assessing the LVF and volume status because it is non-invasive, is easy to perform, and can be used to perform a dynamic assessment of fluid responsiveness in critically-ill patients.7 Moreover, the combination of PoCUS applications, which are inferior xxxx xxxx variation, lung ultrasound, and focused echocardiography, may enable physicians to give more accurate fluid therapy.8 Many studies have shown that echocardiography is comparable to other invasive methods, such as central venous catheterizations and pulmonary artery catheters, in terms of cardiac function assessment and...
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Keywords. Semi-quantum protocol, Key agreement, GHZ-like state, Delegating quantum measuring, Single photon detection Posted Date: April 14th, 2022 DOI: xxxxx://xxx.xxx/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1539779/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Semi-quantum Key Agreement Protocol against Dishonest Third-party with Delegating Quantum Measuring Xx-Xxx Xxxx0,2, Xxxx Xx0,2,*,Xx-Xxxxx Xxxx0,2 , Xxx-Xxx Xxx0,2, Xx-Xxxx Xxxx0,2 1 Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China 2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Trusted Computing, Beijing, 100124, China. Abstract In quantum cloud environment, most application protocols have the problems of using a lot of quantum resources, high communication costs, and inability to check the honesty of cloud server. Therefore, a semi-quantum key agreement protocol based on GHZ-like state with a dishonest delegated measuring center is proposed. In our protocol, the application system consists of a quantum cloud server which only needs to prepare GHZ-like states and distributes all the particles to other participants, a quantum measuring center which performs complicated quantum measurement, such as X-base measurement and Bell measurement, and many classical semi-quantum participants which perform key agreement. Our protocol has many advantages. First, our protocol removes the assumption of honest or semi-honest cloud server because the dishonesty of cloud sever can be checked by delegated measuring center and classical semi-quantum participants. Second, the dishonesty of measuring center can also be found by classical semi-quantum participants through joint measurement. Third, only classical semi-quantum participants can obtain random shared key even if quantum cloud server and measuring center are interested in shared keys. Fourth, a large number of participants may be semi-quantum users which saving a lot of quantum resources. Our protocol is especially suitable for applications such as a large number of classical users arbitrarily performing key agreement in a real cloud environment which only need fewer resources, being easy to implement, and controllable. Security analysis and efficiency analysis show that our protocol can not only effectively resist external and internal attacks, but also resist collusion attack, which is more efficient than similar protocols. Keywords Semi-quantum protocol; Key agreement; GHZ-like state; Delegating qua...
Keywords. Indian sub-continent; Indus basin; Water dispute; Indus Water Treaty. Introduction South Asia is such a region where geopolitical conflicts have been the areas for distrust and also offers good scope for achieving good relationships and economic development. In the Indian sub- continent agriculture forms a chief economic activity with almost 70% of the population is dependent on it and the rivers water is * Xx. Xxxx Xxxxxxx Xxx, Assistant Professor, Institute of Kashmir Studies, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Email: xxxxxxx_xxxx@xxxxx.xxx ** Xx. Xxxx-ur-Xxxxxx, Assistant Professor at Institute of Kashmir Studies, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad *** Xxxxxxx-xx-XxxxxxXxxx, X.Xxxx Xxxxxxx, Department of Political Science, Jiwaji State University, India peculiar as it is the most important determinant for stimulating the agriculture. Thus the role played by the rivers water is important. However, the region (Indian sub-continent) deals with complex orientation of the rivers that cut across a number of countries coupled with a tense and uncompromising geo-political situation amongst the fellow riparian. The increasing rate of population has led intense demand for water, which results the heated discussions over its distribution. Indeed there is no two countries in the world have so much in common as Pakistan India and Pakistan are. Both countries have similar cultural roots, linguistic similarities and shared economic system. However, since independence they have continuously been in a state of undeclared war with uncompromised issues, especially over water. The idea of sharing water is historically constructed, emotionally stimulating, and politically divisive. Though water is technically not a core issue between the two countries, differences over the use of water of the rivers is a core issue.1 In recent years, utilization of water has become an issue that is gaining prominence in the bilateral relationships. Water dispute history of sub- continent reveals that the water dispute is not a new phenomenon in sub-continent, even before partition of India, water disputes were not uncommon inter se the provinces and princely states of British rule. However, the substantial changes were occurred after the partition of Punjab, when the issue over the use and distribution of Indus Basin (Indus River System spreads over four countries2 emerged as a principal cause of strained relationship. Partition of Punjab resulted in the red...
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