Scandinavia. In the Scandinavian countries small Old Catholic churches developed because a number of Lutherans became having problems with the extreme influence of the state within the church, with liberal theology being tolerated in the state church and with the admittance of women to the ministries of priest and xxxxxx. For certain members a problem has arisen because of the fact that now also in the Union of Utrecht ordinations of women are accepted in some of the member churches. The IBC delegate at the moment is the Xxxxxx of Haarlem who maintains contacts with the Old Catholic parishes in Sweden and Denmark. At the moment the Old Catholic churches have a dialogue with the Lutheran Church of Sweden, which has preserved the apostolic succession of her ministry. This dialogue came to a conclusion in 2013. A report with recommendations for further steps will be presented to the official organs of both churches before it will be published.
Scandinavia. The courts of the Scandinavian countries have been comparatively open to referring to prosecution history as an aid in assessing construction. Indeed, the preparatory document for the joint Nordic patent legislation expressly states that prosecution documents may be relevant to claim interpretation. Matters not to be taken into account on construction Expert evidence on the construction of the claims It is not for the experts to make decisions for the court (for example, whether the allegedly infringing product does indeed fall within the scope of the claims, or whether the patented invention is obvious having regard to the prior art). Their main function is to educate the court in the technology relevant to the subject-matter of the dispute and in matters relevant to the state of the art. In practice, party-appointed experts are often asked to provide their opinion on questions which are properly for the court to determine. The expert’s personal view will not be all that helpful for the court. What may be of considerably more assistance are the reasons for this view. The court can then consider these reasons when forming its own conclusion as to the construction of the claims. The actual intention of the inventor The task of claim construction is not to find out or to form a view as to what the inventor actually intended the words of the claim to mean. It is the claims themselves that, according to Article 69(1) EPC, determine BGH, 22 December 2006, NJ 2008, 538 – “Dijkstra v Saier” NU 1963:
Scandinavia. In Norway and Sweden, the infrastructure construction market is strong due to several major ongoing or planned infrastructure projects. In Sweden the paving market was solid in the first half-year period of 2017 and in Norway state investments increased. In Denmark, price competition remained intense. Russia and the Baltic countries In Russia, economic growth is at a low level, affecting also investments in the construction industry. In negotiated contracting in building construction, reliability of the contractor remains a competitive advantage. The company’s paving business in Russia was maintained by construction and repair projects on major roads. During the first half-year period of 2017, the infrastructure construction market in the Baltic countries has started to grow.
Scandinavia. During the first half of 2020, Xxxxx’s net sales in the segment decreased slightly due to the business model change in Denmark from 2019. However, in constant currencies the net sales experienced a slight increase. Altia’s net sales in the monopoly channels grew as consumers shifted purchases to the monopolies. In Sweden, sales growth in spirits was supported by solid sales and market share growth in the strategically important gin, rum and liquer categories. In Norway, net sales growth was strong across all categories and market share development was positive. The restrictions related to the Coronavirus pandemic impacted on-trade negatively and partner portfolio changes in the second quarter of 2020 impacted wine sales slightly negatively. The net sales in Other beverages declined due to partner portfolio changes from 2019. During the second quarter of 2020, the gradual lifting of the restrictions related to the Coronavirus pandemic in the Norwegian on-trade started in May 2020, but the recovery was slow. The profitability improved due to growth in monopoly sales, revenue management and implemented cost savings measures. The development of the exchange rates, especially the NOK, impacted comparable EBITDA negatively. Xxxxx made several product launches in Sweden and Norway during the first half of 2020 in the following brands: O.P. Xxxxxxxx, Explorer, Koskenkorva and Xxxxx. In addition, the traditional “Grönstedts Blå Punsch” (arrack liqueur) was relaunched in Sweden. The number of visits to the folk o folk website also increased during the first half of 2020 as a result of search engine optimisation and an increased presence in social media. In June 2020, Altia launched a new site, xxxxxxxxx.xx, which addresses consumers in Sweden with a Finnish background.
Scandinavia. 1 m3 = 330 kg, 1 floor meter = 1850 kg
