Key content of the EQF. The EQF is a common European reference framework which links together various countries national qualifications systems and qualifications frameworks. Its eight reference levels span the full scale of qualifications from basic to advance. As an instrument for the promotion of lifelong learning, the EQF encompasses all levels of qualifications acquired in general, vocational as well as academic education and training. Additionally, the framework addresses qualifications acquired in basic and continuing education and training. Each level of qualification should, in principle, be attainable through a variety of educational and career paths. The EQF reference levels are based on learning outcomes that are described as knowledge, skills and competence. Each of the eight levels is defined by describing the learning outcomes relevant to qualifications at that level in any system of qualifications. The EQF focuses on what a person with a qualification knows, understands and is able to do on completion of the learning process. According to the recommendation, the shift of emphasis to learning outcomes enables taking various European educational systems into account because comparison based merely on investments (for example, duration of studies) is difficult. The EQF is compatible with the Framework for Qualifications of the European Higher Education Area developed in conjunction with the Bologna Process. The descriptions EQF levels 5 to 8 refer to the descriptions of higher education levels agreed upon as a part of the Bologna process. However, the EQF level descriptions differ in wording from the Bologna level descriptions, which have been drawn up especially for higher education needs. This is due to the fact the EQF as a framework for lifelong learning also includes vocational education and training and work environments up to the highest level. The EQF is not a substitute for national qualifications systems and/or qualifications, nor does it define them. The EQF does not describe specific qualifications or an individual's competences, and particular qualifications should be referenced to the appropriate European Qualifications Framework level by way of the relevant national qualifications systems. The EQF is non-binding but it is recommended that Member States relate their national qualifications systems to the European Qualifications Framework by 2010, either by referencing their qualification levels to the EQF levels and, if necessary, by developing national...
