State of the Art in the Fixed Network Sample Clauses

State of the Art in the Fixed Network. Segment The increasing traffic requirements for residential users and for mobile backhauling will put additional pressure on the fixed network segment, i.e., the current combination of access and aggregation networks in support to fixed services (e.g., Wi-Fi, residential services, etc.). In the rest of this subsection, we focus on the SOTA in the access and metro network segments. As for the access network, today's most-adopted access network technology is the Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), which is deployed over the existing telephone lines starting from the central offices (CO). With ADSL2+, ITU-T G.992.5, up to 24 Mbit/s in the downstream can be provided. The main limitation of ADSL is that the available bandwidth for the user depends heavily on the copper loop length and quality. For this reason, ADSL providers do not offer services to customers more than 7 km away from the CO. To overcome this limitation, operators have started to deploy fibre-to-the-cabinet solutions, based on very-high-bit-rate DSL technology (VDSL2 – ITU-T G.993.2), such that the used copper loops length can be significantly reduced to less than 1.5 km. This will enable a higher bandwidth, and up to 200 Mbit/s can be delivered in downstream for the most advanced band-plan. In a recently (February 2011) started ITU- T standardization project X.xxxx, the fibre is deployed to the last distribution point in the telephony grid, enabling access rates of more than 1 Gbit/s for short loops. Another alternative for fixed access is through Cable Television (CATV). CATV networks provide Internet services by dedicating some Radio Frequency (RF) channels in co-axial cable for data, offering up to 100 Mbit/s to be shared among the active users in a cable segment. Another way of reducing access bandwidth bottlenecks is to deploy true Fibre to the Home (FTTH) solutions, providing the fibre directly to the home. For implementing FTTH typically two technologies are used. One is the Point-to-Point optical Ethernet technology with a dedicated fibre to the costumer, offering typically 100 Mbit/s or 1 Gbit/s access to customer. The other technology is based on Passive Optical Networks (PONs) [1], i.e., point-to-multipoint access network based on passive components such as optical power splitters or wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). Today’s PON are based on TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) technique and typically support 32-64 users in order to share the network cost among multiple user...
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