Nutrients. 2. Harmful Pollutants
Nutrients. The purpose of this Annex is to address the issue of excess nutrients and reduce harmful and nuisance algal blooms. There is an urgent need for a coordinated and strategic response to nutrient management issues in the Great Lakes, and in Lake Erie in particular. In the 1970s and 1980s, collaborative efforts to reduce phosphorus were successful and lake conditions improved. By 1985, phosphorus loadings into the Great Lakes were at or below targets identified in the Canada‐United States Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. However, since the mid‐1990s there has been a resurgence of algal blooms in Lake Erie and the nearshore areas of Lakes Huron and Ontario. The reasons for the occurrence of algal blooms are now more complex than in past decades. The introduction of invasive species such as zebra and quagga mussels and round gobies, changes in agricultural production systems, increased urbanization, and climate change are all contributing factors. New solutions are required. The Great Lakes are currently experiencing nutrient levels that impair human use and also result in harmful effects on ecosystem functions. This Annex recognizes that the continued environmental, social and economic health of the Great Lakes basin requires the effective and efficient management of nutrients from human activities. It addresses the need for improved understanding of nutrient issues while continuing to develop and promote actions to improve nutrient management and to reduce inputs from wastewater and stormwater. Actions to understand and address issues related to nearshore water quality, aquatic ecosystem health, and harmful and nuisance algae will continue for all the Great Lakes. However, early efforts will be focussed on the nearshore and open waters of Lake Erie, and on priority watersheds. This focus on Lake Erie will address the lake at greatest risk and maximize returns on investment while generating scientific data and policy approaches that may be transferable to the other Great Lakes and potentially to aquatic ecosystems elsewhere in Canada. There are a number of complementary initiatives that contribute to the goal of reducing harmful and nuisance algal blooms in the Great Lakes. These include federal and provincial investments in nutrient related research and monitoring; green infrastructure, wastewater technologies and facilities upgrades; and improvements in urban and rural land use and land management practices. Working with the Great Lakes community, this An...
Nutrients. Nutrients cannot be directly measured using EO optical or thermal data. In-situ data may, however, be useful for validating measures of algal and cyanobacterial biomass as they are highly correlated. The measurement of nutrients in water is a quantitative measure that typically depends on highly developed and sensitive field equipment. It is, therefore, one of the more difficult measurements to deliver through CS sampling campaigns without relatively expensive equipment. The largest CS campaign to produce nutrient data is Freshwater Watch with data from 2,500+ sites globally, with some datasets more than a decade long. The test kits used by FWW produces a categorical classification for a sample’s nitrate or phosphate concentration using colorimetric methods. For example, for nitrate citizens identify the nitrate concentration within seven specific classes ranging from 0.2 to 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 10.0 mg/X. Xxxxx and Xxxxx (2017) argued that even though FWW data on nutrient concentrations could be useful to see patterns on a global scale, there were limitations of class-based classification for finer scale analysis. This semi-quantitative data could, however, potentially be used for validation of EO-derived measures of algal biomass, if chlorophyll-a or cyanobacteria data did not exist. Data accessibility/licencing Data was directly available from portals or websites in seven schemes; five schemes had data available upon request and acknowledgement or by membership (potentially unpaid); 13 had either an online data explorer or no clear indication of data availability (Table 7). Gaps in Data • Parameters missing from CS schemes: DOC and limited for Chlorophyll-a and nutrients • Poorly monitored regions – bias to USA and Australia • Temporal coverage – few long-term datasets Recommendations for increasing data availability/quality/access Our literature and data review has outlined a number of opportunities to be further examined: • Better communication lines between CS and EO communities to improve data collection and use of both CS and EO data by both communities • Developing tailored CS schemes specifically to support development of EO data products • Better (cross-)validation of EO and CS data products • New smartphone sensors to support high quality data collection e.g. iSpex-2 There are also some specific partnerships which merit further consideration where better communication could lead to benefits for both EO and CS communities: o Turbidity products: enga...
Nutrients. Water samples were taken from the surface to the bottom at 5m intervals in the epilimnion and metalimnion and 10m intervals in the hypolimnion using a Xxx Xxxx sampling bottle.1 Composite samples were made for each stratum by taking an equal amount of water from each depth sampled in the stratum. Water samples were stored on ice until analyzed. Each composite sample was analyzed for: • Ammonia nitrogen (EPA 350.1) • Nitrate nitrogen (EPA 300.0) • Total nitrogen (EPA 351.2) • Orthophosphate (EPA 365.1) • Total phosphorus (EPA 365.4) • Sulfate (EPA 300.0) • Total dissolved solids (TDS) (SM2540C) • Turbidity (portable turbidimeter used on site) All water quality tests (except turbidity) were performed by the Spokane Tribal Laboratory, which is accredited by The Washington Department of Ecology. A water quality sampling station was established in Outlet Creek immediately downstream of the dam. Water quality data were collected once per month from July through November, on the same date that data were collected in the lake. A Hydrolab Sonde® was used to measure temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and pH.
Nutrients. Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) were low in Xxxxxxxx Lake. Monthly values of nitrites, nitrates, ammonia, and Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) are summarized in Table 2. All values of nitrite nitrogen in all strata of the water column were at or below the detection limits (≤ 0.01 mg/l). The five-month average values for the epilimnion, metalimnion, hypolimnion, and Outlet Creek are shown at the bottom of the table. Monthly values of total phosphorus, ortho-phosphate, sulfate, and total dissolved solids (TDS) are summarized in Table 3. The five-month average values for the epilimnion, metalimnion, hypolimnion, and Outlet Creek are shown at the bottom of the table. Table 2. Nitrogen Concentrations in Xxxxxxxx Lake and Outlet Creek. All concentrations are in mg/l. Date Stratum Nitrite (NO2-) Nitrate (NO3-) Ammonia (NH4+) TKN 7/27/09 Epilimnion <0.01 0.03 0.018 0.19 Metalimnion <0.01 <0.01 0.016 0.16 Hypolimnion <0.01 0.02 0.022 0.17 Outlet Cr. <0.01 0.06 0.010 0.15 8/20/09 Epilimnion <0.01 0.03 0.017 0.12 Metalimnion <0.01 <0.01 0.019 0.14 Hypolimnion <0.01 0.02 0.018 0.26 Outlet Cr. <0.01 0.06 0.017 0.18 9/9/09 Epilimnion <0.01 <0.01 0.013 0.16 Metalimnion <0.01 <0.01 <0.010 0.14 Hypolimnion <0.01 0.02 0.012 0.13 Outlet Cr. <0.01 0.05 <0.010 0.08 10/21/09 Epilimnion <0.01 <0.01 <0.010 0.14 Metalimnion <0.01 0.01 <0.010 0.12 Hypolimnion <0.01 0.02 <0.010 0.11 Outlet Cr. <0.01 <0.01 <0.010 0.12 11/16/09 Epilimnion <0.01 <0.01 <0.010 0.16 Metalimnion <0.01 <0.01 <0.010 0.17 Hypolimnion <0.01 0.02 <0.010 0.12 Outlet Cr. <0.01 0.02 <0.010 0.11 Average Epilimnion <0.01 <0.01 <0.010 0.16 Metalimnion <0.01 <0.01 <0.010 0.15 Hypolimnion <0.01 0.02 <0.010 0.16 Outlet Cr. <0.01 0.04 <0.010 0.13 Table 3. Phosphorus, Sulfate, and TDS Concentrations in Xxxxxxxx Lake and Outlet Creek. All concentrations are in mg/l. Date Stratum Total Phosphorus Ortho- phosphate (PO4-) Sulfate (SO4-) TDS 7/27/09 Epilimnion 0.008 0.004 3.20 73 Metalimnion 0.018 0.011 3.67 67 Hypolimnion 0.011 0.008 3.92 70 Outlet Cr. 0.015 0.008 3.54 60 8/20/09 Epilimnion 0.009 0.007 3.49 82 Metalimnion 0.009 0.008 3.74 95 Hypolimnion 0.008 0.007 4.05 98 Outlet Cr. 0.012 0.013 3.61 90 9/9/09 Epilimnion 0.012 0.009 3.36 42 Metalimnion 0.010 0.009 3.59 68 Hypolimnion 0.010 0.009 3.90 63 Outlet Cr. 0.014 0.012 3.38 90 10/21/09 Epilimnion 0.007 0.003 4.08 53 Metalimnion 0.006 0.003 4.29 53 Hypolimnion <0.005 0.004 4.58 57 Outlet Cr. <0.005 <0.002 4.05 50 11/16/09 Epilimnion <0.005 0.003 3.63 83 Metalimnion <0....
Nutrients. Nitrogen and phosphorus are nutrients required to form proteins and other necessary biological compounds. Nitrogen availability in lakes is usually greater than phosphorus, with normal ratios in the range of 7:1 to 10:1. Higher ratios indicate a deficiency in phosphorus (Xxxxx and Xxxxxxx 1994), and lakes with these higher ratios tend to be phosphorus limited. Phosphorus limitation is typically associated with oligotrophy (Xxxxx and Xxxxxxx 1994). Lakes with lower ratios of nitrogen to phosphorus tend to be nitrogen limited. Nitrogen limitation is typically associated with eutrophy (Xxxxx and Xxxxxxx 1994). Phosphorus is a common growth limiting nutrient for phytoplankton in freshwater lakes, because it is present in very low concentrations (Xxxxx and Xxxxxxx 1994). Oligotrophic lakes average less than 0.01 mg/l, compared to mesotrophic and eutrophic lakes that average 0.01-0.25 mg/l and >0.25 mg/l, respectively (EPA 1986). Xxxxxxxx Lake falls within the federal criteria for classification as oligotrophic, averaging 0.007 mg/l. Total phosphorus limits phytoplankton production in Xxxxxxxx Lake. Total phosphorus levels in Outlet Creek were similar to those in the lake. However, total phosphorus did appear to trend downward in the fall in both the lake and Outlet Creek (Figure 15), which is consistent with results found by Nine and Xxxxxx (2005). Total reactive phosphorus (ortho-phosphate) is a measure of the inorganic oxidized form of soluble phosphorus. It is a better measure of phosphorus in less productive lakes, because it determines what is biologically available to phytoplankton for photosynthesis (Xxxxx and Xxxxxxx 1994). Xxxxxxxx Lake averaged 0.006 mg/l ortho-phosphate. Ortho-phosphate levels in Outlet Creek were similar to those in the lake. Ortho-phosphate levels also appear to have trended down in the fall (Figure 16), which is also consistent with results found by Nine and Xxxxxx (2005). 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.005 0.000 07/27/09 08/20/09 09/09/09 Date 10/21/09 11/16/09 Outlet Creek Hypo Meta Epi Ortho-phosphate (mg/l Total phosphorus (mg/l Figure 15. Total phosphorus in Xxxxxxxx Lake and Outlet Creek. 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.005 0.000 07/27/09 08/20/09 09/09/09 Date 10/21/09 11/16/09 Outlet Creek Hypo Meta Epi
Nutrients. Levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and Boron (B) were analyzed to assess soil health and nutrient availability to the plant, as these are essential nutrients for maintaining plant growth and physiological function, Table 7 shows recommended concentration ranges for nitrate as nitrogen (nitrate-N), ammonium as nitrogen (ammonium-N), P, K and B for Brussels sprouts grown in the location of the field trial.
Nutrients. Recycled water may also contain higher nutrient levels such as nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium, which are essential components for plant growth. Some treatment processes may reduce the levels of these chemicals, although they are not totally removed.
Nutrients. Ammonium ions
Nutrients. EPA requests that the public provide to EPA any water quality related data and information that may be relevant to the calculations for the 4 TMDLs. EPA will review all data and information submitted during the public comment period and revise the TMDLs where appropriate. EPA will then forward the TMDLs to the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (LDEQ). The LDEQ will incorporate the TMDLs into its current water quality management plan. Dated: November 22, 2004. Xxxx X. Xxxxxx, Acting Director, Water Quality Protection Division, Region 6. [FR Doc. 04–26481 Filed 11 –30–04; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 6560–50–P FARM CREDIT SYSTEM INSURANCE CORPORATION Farm Credit System Insurance Corporation Board; Regular Meeting
