Nutrients Sample Clauses

Nutrients. Nutrients cannot be directly measured using EO optical or thermal data. In-situ data may, however, be useful for validating measures of algal and cyanobacterial biomass as they are highly correlated. The measurement of nutrients in water is a quantitative measure that typically depends on highly developed and sensitive field equipment. It is, therefore, one of the more difficult measurements to deliver through CS sampling campaigns without relatively expensive equipment. The largest CS campaign to produce nutrient data is Freshwater Watch with data from 2,500+ sites globally, with some datasets more than a decade long. The test kits used by FWW produces a categorical classification for a sample’s nitrate or phosphate concentration using colorimetric methods. For example, for nitrate citizens identify the nitrate concentration within seven specific classes ranging from 0.2 to 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 10.0 mg/▇. ▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇ (2017) argued that even though FWW data on nutrient concentrations could be useful to see patterns on a global scale, there were limitations of class-based classification for finer scale analysis. This semi-quantitative data could, however, potentially be used for validation of EO-derived measures of algal biomass, if chlorophyll-a or cyanobacteria data did not exist. Data was directly available from portals or websites in seven schemes; five schemes had data available upon request and acknowledgement or by membership (potentially unpaid); 13 had either an online data explorer or no clear indication of data availability (Table 7). • Parameters missing from CS schemes: DOC and limited for Chlorophyll-a and nutrients • Poorly monitored regions – bias to USA and Australia • Temporal coverage – few long-term datasets Our literature and data review has outlined a number of opportunities to be further examined: • Better communication lines between CS and EO communities to improve data collection and use of both CS and EO data by both communities • Developing tailored CS schemes specifically to support development of EO data products • Better (cross-)validation of EO and CS data products • New smartphone sensors to support high quality data collection e.g. iSpex-2 There are also some specific partnerships which merit further consideration where better communication could lead to benefits for both EO and CS communities: o Turbidity products: engaging with Secchi dip-in o Harmful algal blooms of cyanobacteria: engaging with Bloomin’ Algae o Water colo...

Nutrients. The purpose of this Annex is to address the issue of excess nutrients and reduce harmful and nuisance algal blooms. GOAL 1: IMPROVE UNDERSTANDING OF NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS NEEDED TO MAINTAIN ALGAL POPULATIONS CONSISTENT WITH A HEALTHY GREAT LAKES ECOSYSTEM. Result 1.1 Improved understanding of sources, transport and fate of nutrients in the Great Lakes, with an emphasis on Lake Erie. Canada and Ontario will: (a) Improve knowledge and understanding of nutrient concentrations and loadings in Great Lakes tributary discharges, with an emphasis on Lake Erie tributaries; (b) Improve knowledge and understanding of phosphorus sources, the forms of phosphorus being discharged to the Great Lakes, and their seasonal characteristics; and (c) Enhance information on land use, soil and management practices relevant to excess phosphorus in the Great Lakes, with specific emphasis on Lakes Erie and Huron. Ontario will: (d) Conduct sub‐watershed and field scale research to support the ongoing development and implementation of new approaches and technologies for the reduction of phosphorus from agricultural sources; (e) Investigate the contribution of natural heritage features to reducing excess phosphorus from rural and agricultural landscapes; and (f) Support monitoring in priority watersheds to quantify land use‐water quality relationships, including conducting event based monitoring where feasible.

Nutrients. Nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorous, and other compounds can be expected from organic litter, fertilizers, food waste, sewage and sediment.

Nutrients. EPA requests that the public provide to EPA any water quality related data and information that may be relevant to the calculations for the 4 TMDLs. EPA will review all data and information submitted during the public comment period and revise the TMDLs where appropriate. EPA will then forward the TMDLs to the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (LDEQ). The LDEQ will incorporate the TMDLs into its current water quality management plan. Dated: November 22, 2004. [FR Doc. 04–26481 Filed 11 –30–04; 8:45 am]

Nutrients. In no case shall nutrient concentrations of a body of water be altered so as to cause an imbalance in natural populations of aquatic flora or fauna." Imbalance includes situations when nutrient additions result in nuisance species as defined in Florida Administrative Code Rule 17-302.200(14), or when nutrient additions result in violation of other standards contained in Chapter 17-302 as defined in Rule 17-302.510(3)(j). In the case of the Park and Refuge, imbalance specifically shall include nutrient additions that result in, but are not limited to, replacement of native periphyton algal species by more pollution-tolerant algal species, loss of the native periphyton community or, in advanced stages of nutrient pollution, native sawgrass and wet prairie communities giving way to dense cattail stands or other nutrient-altered ecosystems, which impair or destroy the ability of the ecosystem to serve as habitat and forage for higher trophic levels characteristic of the Everglades. Numerical interpretation of imbalance shall specifically include an array of indices to measure sensitivity of the ecosystem to small changes in nutrients, such as nutrient cycling processes and the basic components of the Everglades ecosystem, including periphyton and other sensitive indicators of nutrient enrichment. The results of the Research and Monitoring Program will be used to determine numerically the undesirable level of nutrients that cause an imbalance. G. Interim concentration limits" for the Park shall mean the concentration limits to be measured at discharges to the Park and attained by July 1, 1997 October 1, 2003, as determined in Appendix A.

Nutrients. The composition and amount of the nutrient mix was not optimal for the purpose of maximizing the productivity. The nutrient mix was estimated with the intention of providing enough P, N and Si to the culture. This mix does not include all the trace metals or vitamins which is included in optimal mediums for algal growth, such as the widely used Guillard’s F/2 medium (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2006).One important missing vitamin is B12, which is a necessary component for algal growth (▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2005). However, the choice of nutrients in this experiment is a cheaper and easier alternative, and this would count positive in a larger scale cultivation of microalgae. (▇▇▇▇▇, 2007) found that the use of Guillard’s F/4 medium, which is similar in composition to the F/2 medium, but only half the concentration, was significantly more effective than commercial fertilizer. However, they also found that the commercial fertilizer was more cost efficient, and concluded that commercial fertilizer was better for production efficiency and culture stability. In an experiment comparing culture density capacity in an airlift PHB and a bubble column system, the highest cell density achieved was when Si was provided in amounts of 400 % of the normal dosage. This demonstrates the importance of Si.

Nutrients. Ammonium ions

Nutrients. Nitrogen and phosphorus are nutrients required to form proteins and other necessary biological compounds. Nitrogen availability in lakes is usually greater than phosphorus, with normal ratios in the range of 7:1 to 10:1. Higher ratios indicate a deficiency in phosphorus (▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ 1994), and lakes with these higher ratios tend to be phosphorus limited. Phosphorus limitation is typically associated with oligotrophy (▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ 1994). Lakes with lower ratios of nitrogen to phosphorus tend to be nitrogen limited. Nitrogen limitation is typically associated with eutrophy (▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ 1994). Phosphorus is a common growth limiting nutrient for phytoplankton in freshwater lakes, because it is present in very low concentrations (▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ 1994). Oligotrophic lakes average less than 0.01 mg/l, compared to mesotrophic and eutrophic lakes that average 0.01-0.25 mg/l and >0.25 mg/l, respectively (EPA 1986). ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ Lake falls within the federal criteria for classification as oligotrophic, averaging 0.007 mg/l. Total phosphorus limits phytoplankton production in ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ Lake. Total phosphorus levels in Outlet Creek were similar to those in the lake. However, total phosphorus did appear to trend downward in the fall in both the lake and Outlet Creek (Figure 15), which is consistent with results found by Nine and ▇▇▇▇▇▇ (2005). Total reactive phosphorus (ortho-phosphate) is a measure of the inorganic oxidized form of soluble phosphorus. It is a better measure of phosphorus in less productive lakes, because it determines what is biologically available to phytoplankton for photosynthesis (▇▇▇▇▇ and ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ 1994). ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ Lake averaged 0.006 mg/l ortho-phosphate. Ortho-phosphate levels in Outlet Creek were similar to those in the lake. Ortho-phosphate levels also appear to have trended down in the fall (Figure 16), which is also consistent with results found by Nine and ▇▇▇▇▇▇ (2005). 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.005 0.000 07/27/09 08/20/09 09/09/09 10/21/09 11/16/09 Outlet Creek Hypo Meta Epi 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.005 0.000 07/27/09 08/20/09 09/09/09 10/21/09 11/16/09 Outlet Creek Hypo Meta Epi

Nutrients. Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) were low in ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ Lake. Monthly values of nitrites, nitrates, ammonia, and Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) are summarized in Table 2. All values of nitrite nitrogen in all strata of the water column were at or below the detection limits (≤ 0.01 mg/l). The five-month average values for the epilimnion, metalimnion, hypolimnion, and Outlet Creek are shown at the bottom of the table. Monthly values of total phosphorus, ortho-phosphate, sulfate, and total dissolved solids (TDS) are summarized in Table 3. The five-month average values for the epilimnion, metalimnion, hypolimnion, and Outlet Creek are shown at the bottom of the table. 7/27/09 Epilimnion <0.01 0.03 0.018 0.19 Metalimnion <0.01 <0.01 0.016 0.16 Hypolimnion <0.01 0.02 0.022 0.17 Outlet Cr. <0.01 0.06 0.010 0.15 8/20/09 Epilimnion <0.01 0.03 0.017 0.12 Metalimnion <0.01 <0.01 0.019 0.14 Hypolimnion <0.01 0.02 0.018 0.26 Outlet Cr. <0.01 0.06 0.017 0.18 9/9/09 Epilimnion <0.01 <0.01 0.013 0.16 Metalimnion <0.01 <0.01 <0.010 0.14 Hypolimnion <0.01 0.02 0.012 0.13 Outlet Cr. <0.01 0.05 <0.010 0.08 10/21/09 Epilimnion <0.01 <0.01 <0.010 0.14 Metalimnion <0.01 0.01 <0.010 0.12 Hypolimnion <0.01 0.02 <0.010 0.11 Outlet Cr. <0.01 <0.01 <0.010 0.12 11/16/09 Epilimnion <0.01 <0.01 <0.010 0.16 Metalimnion <0.01 <0.01 <0.010 0.17 Hypolimnion <0.01 0.02 <0.010 0.12 Outlet Cr. <0.01 0.02 <0.010 0.11 Average Epilimnion <0.01 <0.01 <0.010 0.16 Metalimnion <0.01 <0.01 <0.010 0.15 Hypolimnion <0.01 0.02 <0.010 0.16 Outlet Cr. <0.01 0.04 <0.010 0.13 All concentrations are in mg/l. Date Stratum Total Phosphorus Ortho- phosphate (PO4-) Sulfate (SO4-) TDS 7/27/09 Epilimnion 0.008 0.004 3.20 73 Metalimnion 0.018 0.011 3.67 67 Hypolimnion 0.011 0.008 3.92 70 Outlet Cr. 0.015 0.008 3.54 60 8/20/09 Epilimnion 0.009 0.007 3.49 82 Metalimnion 0.009 0.008 3.74 95 Hypolimnion 0.008 0.007 4.05 98 Outlet Cr. 0.012 0.013 3.61 90 9/9/09 Epilimnion 0.012 0.009 3.36 42 Metalimnion 0.010 0.009 3.59 68 Hypolimnion 0.010 0.009 3.90 63 Outlet Cr. 0.014 0.012 3.38 90 10/21/09 Epilimnion 0.007 0.003 4.08 53 Metalimnion 0.006 0.003 4.29 53 Hypolimnion <0.005 0.004 4.58 57 Outlet Cr. <0.005 <0.002 4.05 50 11/16/09 Epilimnion <0.005 0.003 3.63 83 Metalimnion <0.005 0.004 3.71 87 Hypolimnion <0.005 0.003 3.88 88 Outlet Cr. 0.005 0.005 3.66 80 Average Epilimnion 0.006 0.005 3.55 67 Metalimnion 0.009 0.007 3.80 74 Hypolimnion 0.006 0.006 4.07 75 Outlet Cr. 0.009 0.008 3.65 74