Structured Overlay Networks and Peer-to-Peer Systems Sample Clauses

Structured Overlay Networks and Peer-to-Peer Systems. Research on peer-to-peer networks has evolved into research on structured overlay networks, in particular on Distributed Hash Tables (DHTs). The main differences between popular peer-to-peer systems and structured overlay networks are that the latter provide strong guarantees on routing and message delivery, and are implemented with more efficient algorithms [GHVR05]. The research on structured overlay networks has matured considerably in the last few years [ABER05, ELAN03, GHOD05, GHVR05, KAAS03, ROWS01, STOI01, ZHAO04]. Hardware infrastructures such as PlanetLab have enabled DHTs to be tested in realistically harsh environments [CHUN03]. This has led to structured peer- to-peer communication and storage infrastructures in which failures and system changes are handled gracefully. Peer-to-peer systems such as Napster and Gnutella were initially built to enable using the resources of machines located at the edge of the network. For example, in Napster, music files were transferred directly between end users. Because of legal issues, completely decentralized systems, such as Gnutella, were built and popularized. These systems facilitated resource sharing in a completely decentralized way, i.e., there is no single point of failure. Much of the work up to this point was naïve and made use of techniques and algorithms known in computer science for decades, e.g., Gnutella uses a simple broadcast and converge-cast algorithm with limited horizon to search. The technical inferiority of these systems started much interesting research on several frontiers. For instance, Xxxx and Xxxxxxxx showed already in 2000 that approximately 60-70% of the users were abusing Gnutella, without sharing any resources. This opened up the field for research on using trust models efficiently in decentralized environments to automatically value a node based on its previous behaviour. Others focused on security in general, for instance [ABER04] showed how a system could protect itself from so called Xxxxx attacks, where one node joins the system many times with the purpose of gaining majority or complete control over parts of the system. We believe much of this research is useful in today’s IT solutions where the virtual organization is dynamic and spans multiple sites, where security and trust will be of outmost importance. However, decentralized trust and security management has to be self managing, as the complexity for large-scale systems is too great for human administrators. Hence, ...
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