THE ORIGINS OF THE WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE Sample Clauses

THE ORIGINS OF THE WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE. ‌ The approval of Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council in December 2000 established a framework for Community action in the field of water policy, better known as the Water Framework Directive (WFD). Some authors argue that the WFD held the promise of a fundamental change in water policy (Xxxx, 2008; Hering et al., 2010), by shifting the emphasis from resource development and chemical water quality toward a more integrated approach where ecological criteria guided management and policy, and territorial considerations were incorporated into water management. Up until 2000, water policy in Europe had been fragmented with different Directives dealing with specific challenges (nitrate pollution, urban discharge, swimmable water quality, etc.) but lacking an integrative perspective. The focus had been on chemical water quality, with an emphasis on specific water uses and pollutant control. As Xxxxxxx and Xxxx (2015) point out, a first attempt at providing uniform and legally binding standards for all European waters was the 1994 Proposal for a Council Directive on the Ecological Quality of Water (EQW) (COM 93(680)Final). The EQW proposal focused on water quality— primarily pollution prevention—to maintain and improve ecological quality of surface waters. It already included some of the innovations of the WFD—covering all surface waters, evaluation and monitoring networks, action programs, flexibility in the determination of good quality and development of restoration measures, possible exceptions for noncompliance, public participation—but also incorporated aesthetic and natural heritage considerations into restoration objectives. The European Council eventually rejected the proposed EQW Directive because of its inadequate consideration of socio-economic impacts (Xxxxxxx et al., 2010) but "DG Environment went on looking for more quantitative binding ecological standards" which resulted in the ecological components of the WFD (Xxxxxxx and Xxxx, 2015). The WFD was therefore the result of the efforts by the European Commission (EC) and EU Member States (MS)1 to create a coherent approach to water policy at the European scale. It
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