Position of the Major Trading Nations Sample Clauses

Position of the Major Trading Nations. In the negotiations that led to the conclusion of the SPS Agreement, the leading role was taken primarily by those countries that account for the largest share of agricultural trade, namely the Cairns Group26 of agriculture exporting countries, the United States and the EC.27 By the mid-term review of the Uruguay Round negotiations in December 1988, five priorities had been agreed upon for SPS disciplines, namely (1) international harmo- nization of SPS measures around standards set by international organizations; (2) the establishment of an effective notification procedure for SPS measures; (3) improvements to the multilateral dispute settlement system; (4) the possibility of obtaining scientific input and expertise, relying on the international organizations; and (5) an effective mech- anism for bilateral settlement of disputes.28 After the creation of the Working Group on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Regulations and Barriers in 1989, negotiations proceeded on this basis. Written proposals were submitted to the Working Group. In these proposals, the United States, the EC and the Cairns Group all supported harmonization of SPS measures around the standards set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, the International Plant 23 Reasons that have been suggested for this view are the close link between agriculture and SPS standards, the importance of the beef hormone dispute, and the fact that SPS measures were thought to raise problems different from those linked to other technical standards, for example the greater importance of scientific risk assessment, the greater divergence in national approaches to standard setting and the crucial role of national regulatory authorities in deciding on the need for regulation and the measures to be taken. See Xxxxx X. Xxxxx, The Role of Science in the Uruguay Round and NAFTA Trade Disciplines, 27 CORNELL INTERNATIONAL LAW JOURNAL 817, 824 (1994). 24 Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, Annex 1A to the Marrakesh Agreement, reprinted in GATT SECRETARIAT, THE RESULTS OF THE URUGUAY ROUND OF MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS: THE LEGAL TEXTS 6–18 (1994). This Agreement elaborates on and replaces the Tokyo Round Standards Code of 1980. The TBT Agreement goes further than the Standards Code in that it applies to both mandatory technical regulations and optional standards, and extends not only to products but also to related processes and production methods. The TBT Agreement is discussed in Chapter 8 of this book. 25 Agreemen...
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