Venous occlusion plethysmography Sample Clauses

Venous occlusion plethysmography. Human resistance arteriolar tone is difficult to measure directly in vivo. In research practice the measurement of forearm blood flow (FBF) by venous occlusion plethysmography is used to indirectly infer resistance arteriolar tone. When mean arterial pressure is stable, laminar fluid flow is proportional to the fourth power of vessel radius according to Xxxxx-Poiseuille’s law. 𝑄 = 𝑃𝑑. 𝜋. 𝑟4 8µ𝑙 Where Q = laminar flow, Pd = pressure difference, r = radius, µ = viscosity coefficient, l = length of vessel/tube. Therefore changes in resistance arteriolar tone can be inferred from changes in FBF.162 The majority of FBF measured by venous occlusion plethysmography is believed to be arterial flow within the skeletal muscles.162, 163 By occluding venous return at a pressure in the upper arm that does not impede arterial inflow, forearm limb volume increases proportionally with blood flow.164 Change in forearm limb volume can be measured by electrically calibrated mercury-in-silastic strain gauges, which have been shown to accurately reflect limb volume.162, 163, 165, 166 Several conditions were standardised in order to ensure FBF measurements were accurate and reproducible. Studies were performed in a quiet, temperature-controlled room (24 to 26⁰C). Participants were studied at approximately the same time of day, after a standardised light meal and were asked to avoid caffeine and alcohol on the day of the study. The hand circulation, which has a higher proportion of arterio-venous shunts compared to the forearm circulation, and hence more variable blood flow, was excluded by inflating wrist cuffs to a pressure above systolic blood pressure one minute before and during FBF measurements.167 Circumference of the widest part of the forearm was measured with an appropriate sized strain gauge (Xxxxxxxx, USA) 2-3cm shorter than the measured arm circumference, in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Since the relationship between FBF and forearm volume is also dependent on the degree of distension within the venous system, the forearm was elevated above the level of the heart to ensure that the veins were not fully distended and measurements were made over after the first few seconds of upper arm cuff inflation, before the veins became fully distended. FBF measurement protocol Participants lay supine for at least 30 minutes before measurements were initiated. Brachial blood pressure was monitored non-invasively over the left arm throughout the study (In...
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