Structure of the Book. This first Chapter has described briefly how land conflicts and disputes emerge in Indonesia and brought about social injustice, inequity and massive environmental degradation. It has sought to explain how spatial management played a role in curbing or on the contrary sowing the seeds for protracted land conflicts and disputes. These disputes and conflicts may well go beyond mere issues of ownership to the question of the proper use of scarce land in the interest of the public. Tenurial security is thus linked to efficient implementation of spatial plans. I have situated this analysis against the background of the attempt of Indonesia to establish a state based on law (rechtsstaat) and the decentralization effort initiated after 1999. The basic contours of the Indonesian state and government and what changes have occurred post 1999 is described in Chapter 2. An historical overview of how the Dutch colonial urban planning developed into spatial- development planning after independence is given in Chapter 3. It describes how the pre- independence master plans of autonomous municipalities were transformed into a top-down spatial-development planning system. Chapter 4 discusses how the spatial management 116 Xxxxxxx, Seputar Kedung Ombo, (Elsam: Jakarta, 1994) 117 A point made by Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx Xxxxxx, “The Case Study of Indonesia”, occasional paper: Project on Environmental Scarcity, State Capacity, and Civil Violence, (Cambridge: American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the University of Toronto, 1997). His paper amongst others attempts to explain why the New order government so far has been able to avoid social instability and civil strife in the face of growing scarcities of renewable natural resources. system as established by the Spatial Planning Law 24/1992 was implemented by the West Java province and the Bandung municipal and highlights problems related to it. The next chapter (Chapter 5) offer an analysis of how the Regional Government Law of 1999 which had a profound impact on the Indonesian state and government structure, led to changing perceptions on how the SPL should be implemented. For a short period, spatial planning became the attributed authority of autonomous districts, which resulted in a more district-up spatial management system. The effect this had on land use permits, one of the primary tools to implement spatial planning, will be analyzed as well. How the central government reacted against “unbridled self-autonomy” in spatial manage...
Structure of the Book. Because my intention is to investigate the biography of Kompas newspaper with a special emphasis on the changes and continuities of its relationship with power holders across different political regimes, this book is structured into historical sequences, starting from the time of the birth of the newspaper to the current period. Meanwhile, in order to reveal the dynamics within the newsroom in the daily production of news and to capture the tension between ideals and practices, this book is divided into three main parts. After a preliminary chapter explaining the justification for this study, as well as research objectives, theoretical frameworks and research methods, the first part: the Kompas Way, will describe the ideals and values of Kompas journalists and explain why they embrace and adhere to them. This part consists of two chapters: Chapter 2 and Chapter 3. Chapter 2 will explain the socio-‐historical background that contextualize the origins of the newspaper. It will explain the fear that has been a running theme throughout the newspaper’s history. On one hand, Xxxxxx was established under an authoritarian political regime and operated during its first three decades under the threat of being banned. Thus, there is a tangible and persistent fear of being banned by power holders. On the other hand, there is a fear of being attacked by hardline Muslim groups due to the fact that the newspaper was founded by a minority Catholic-‐Chinese group. In the course of the newspaper’s history, Xxxxxx has experienced both being banned by the regimes, as well as attacks from Islamic groups, leaving historical trauma in the minds of the journalists.
