Toilet Training in the Developed World Sample Clauses

Toilet Training in the Developed World. ‌ There is a wealth of information about the strategies used in North America and other westernized, developed settings. Several widely-recognized and accepted toilet training methods have arisen in the United States over the past forty years – namely the child-oriented approach (such as the Xxxxxxxxx and Spock methods), the operant conditioning approach (championed by Xxxxx and Xxxx with their “toilet training in less than a day” method), and other infant-based approaches such as the early elimination method. The child-oriented approach encourages parents to follow the child’s personal developmental pace and wait until he or she is ready to be toilet trained (Xxxxx and Xxxxxxxxxxxxxx, 1994, p. 371; Xxxxxxxx et al 1999, p. 1359; Xxxxxxxxx et al 2008, p. 162). The operant conditioning approach involves parents deliberately training their child to use various strategies to become toilet trained within a short time frame (Xxxx and Xxxxx 1972, p.435; Xxxxxxxxx et al 2008, p. 162). These two approaches have been the dominant methods throughout the past century: according to Xxxxx and Xxxxxxxxxxxxxx, “Theory and prescription for toilet training in the United States since 1900 has traced a pendulum’s path between the polar opposites of passive permissiveness and systematic control,” (1994, p. 371). While the child-oriented and operant conditioning approaches differ greatly in regards to their methodology, development theory, duration, and age at which the toilet training is conducted, both methods have been shown to be effective in toilet training children (Xxxxxxx et al 2006, p. v). In addition, both methods frequently use a “potty chair” in the bathroom to teach children to model their defecation practices after older children and adults (Xxxxx and Xxxxxx 2008, p.