The Virulence System of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Sample Clauses

The Virulence System of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. A. tumefaciens is a soil dwelling, -proteobacterium that is responsible, in nature, for infecting dicotyledons (flowering plants whose seeds have two embryonic leaves) with crown gall tumors (Heath, 1995). This is the only known example in nature of interking- dom DNA transfer and its pathogenesis and virulence phenotype is well studied in the literature (Jiang, 2003). These infection events usually occur at wound sites and are de- pendent on the expression of vir genes. Upregulation of the vir genes depends on a varie- ty of metabolites, phenols, sugar, and/or a decrease in pH, conditions that often occur when plants are wounded (Zhu, 2000; Xxxxx, 2002). The genes necessary for virulence are localized on an extrachromosomal, 200 kb plasmid termed the Ti plasmid. The Ti plasmid contains three distinct regions; the T-DNA region, a region responsi- ble for opine catabolism, and the vir region (Heath, 1995). When A. tumefaciens infects a plant host, the T-DNA region is clipped on either end and incorporated via a variety of vir proteins, into the chromosome of the host plant cell (Xxxxxxxxxx, 1987). The T-DNA region contains the oncogenic genes necessary for crown gall tumor development (Akiyoshi, 1984). Biotechnology has exploited this phenomenon by replacing the onco- genic genes with other genes of interest. Also located within the T-DNA region are genes that code for enzymes that produce specialized amino acids, termed opines (Velu- thambi, 1989). The incorporation of these genes into the host genome causes the host to produce opines, that A. tumefaciens can metabolize and use. The second region of the Ti plasmid, termed the opine catabolism region, codes for the genes necessary for A. tume- faciens to utilize the opines produced by the host cell (Xxxxxxxxxx, 1989). The virulence region of the Ti plasmid is comprised of six genes that are responsible for a broad range of tasks. Two of the virulence genes, virA and virG, are regulatory genes that code for a two-component sensor-transducer system (Mukhopadhyay, 2004). VirA and VirG are responsible for regulating not only the production of the oncogenic genes but are also responsible for regulating the machinery necessary for the transfer of T-DNA (Mukhopadhyay, 2004). As reported by Gao et al. VirA is comprised of two membrane-spanning domains; a periplasmic domain and cytoplasmic domain, which is subdivided into a linker domain, a kinase domain, and a receiver domain (Gao, 2005). The periplasmic domain is...
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