Criminalization and System Avoidance in the Neoliberal State Sample Clauses

Criminalization and System Avoidance in the Neoliberal State. Within the Foucauldian (2010) tradition, the biopolitics of neoliberalism has received significant scholarly attention in the extant literature. The phenomenon referred to by Xxxxx (2014) as “authoritarian neoliberalism” – in which increasingly unregulated markets for goods, services and labor bring increased poverty, but growth in police and military forces repress dissent – works to explain the record-levels of incarceration and state supervision in modern democracies. The ideas behind this move towards the criminalization of poor people have been theorized by various scholars (Xxxxxxxxx 2009, Wacquant 2010, 2009, Western and Xxxxxxx 1999, Xxxxxxx 2001). Xxxxx (2012) and Alexander (2012) elaborate on the idea of criminalization – actions taken by the poor, especially poor young men of color, are legislated as criminal and the now-criminal behavior of these criminals is then disproportionately prosecuted. This criminalization has affected levels of social cohesion in poor communities (Western and Xxxxxxxx 2009, Clear 2007), as well as distancing community members from the institutions of the state. In their theorization of this system avoidance, Xxxxxx (2008), Brayne (2014), and Goffman (2009) make independent arguments that the objects of state criminalization avoid bureaucracies, as they identify them as loci of oppression. Importantly, not only do criminals avoid interactions with the state (Goffman 2009, Brayne 2014), but their families, friends and neighbors are also reluctant to involve the state in aspects of their lives voluntarily (Brayne 2014, Xxxxxx and Xxxxxxx 2015). In enacting this system avoidance, members of marginalized communities effectively remove themselves from the rubric of citizenship – rendering themselves not only more marginalized, but effectively stateless. In the United States, systems of criminal justice and immigration control have worked to create two sizeable communities that are systemically excluded from the rights of citizenship – Latinos (Xxxxxx 2006, Xxxxxxx and Xxxx 2011, Xxxx and Xxxx 2011) and African Americans (Sudbury 2014, Alexander 2012, Xxxx, Xxxxxxxxxx and Xxxxxxxx 2013, Xxxx 2006, 2011). These communities are not only disproportionately represented in carceral systems, but members are likely to believe themselves to be excluded from healthcare access (Xxxx and Xxxxx 2001), be both victimized by crime and fail to report that victimization (Xxxxx, Xxxx and Xxxxxxxxx 2001), and leave school before completing se...
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