General Strain Sample Clauses

General Strain. According to General Strain Theory, or GST, relative material deprivation caused by diminished social services, low wages, high unemployment, and occupational precariousness leads to adults suffer from considerable strain (Xxxx and Piquero 2013). Parents may be too strained to effectively prevent the exploitation of their children and some adults may cope by sexually exploiting children. In this view, strain leads to the availability of children for commodification in the sex trade. Criminologists drawing on Xxxxx’x (1992) GST have identified the individual risk factors for children’s exploitation in the commercial sex market. High levels of caregiver strain – as operationalized by caregiver arrests, relationship problems between caregivers in the home, and caregiver substance abuse – contribute to an increase in the prevalence of commercial sexual exploitation in youth (Xxxx and Piquero 2013, Xxxx 2011). Equally, overall family breakdown may be to some degree culpable for the availability of girls to traffickers (Joshi 2002). Substance abuse, running away, and early initiation of sexual activity by youth are also associated with subsequent victimization (Estes and Xxxxxx 2001), as are an unavailability of family caretakers and youth homelessness (Xxxx Xxxxx and Xxxxxx 2005, Xxxxx 1999). Given the existing research, the effect of strain on the availability of victims for trafficking is difficult to dispute. These are micro-level phenomena, however. My dissertation engages with a macro-level process that may contribute to the causes of strain – a lack of access to the institutions of law. Insofar as this lack of access disproportionately affects minority communities generally (Xxxxx and Xxxxxx 2008), and the African-American (Xxxxxx and Eccles 1999, Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxx, XxXxxx and Tokoyawa 2005) and immigrant (Titzmann, Xxxxxxxxxxx and Xxxxx 2014, Xxxxxxxx 2013, Xxxxxx, et al. 2013) communities specifically, we would expect to see both elevated levels of strain and elevated levels of CSEC. My dissertation, importantly, parses-out these effects.
Sample 1
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