Chronic Respiratory Effects Sample Clauses

Chronic Respiratory Effects. The respiratory health effects of long term exposure to O3, NO2 and PM10 have also been investigated in cohort studies. In a recent meta-analysis and review of long term studies Xxxxxxxx et al., 2014 presented evidence of an independent effect of NO2 on respiratory mortality. The pooled relative risk was 1.024 (95% CI1.010–1.038) for NO2 and 1.043 (95% CI 1.015–1.072) for PM2.5 based on 9 studies, the authors noted that the effects persisted in multipollutant models [181]. However, the supplementary information reveals that only two studies had employed multipollutant models Xxxx et al, (2011) controlled for PM10 and SO2 [182] and Xxx et al., (2011) adjusted for TSP [183] while calculated estimates had a high range; 5.60 (95% CI -12.00 - 26.60) and 2.10 (95% CI -1.00-5.30) [181]. Thus, although, this review offers support for the independent effect of NO2 on health, further multi-pollutant analyses are necessary. The same holds true for PM10 as the estimates and study designs vary [184]. There is also uncertainty surrounding the association between exposure to O3 and mortality. Specifically, Xxxxxxx et al., (2009) reported positive associations between chronic ozone exposure and respiratory mortality in two pollutant models that included PM2.5 [185]. However, their methodology was criticised as an annual average of 2 years data was used for PM2.5 while daily maximum hourly levels from 3 year data were used for O3 [186]. Stronger evidence supports the association between long term exposure to O3, NO2 and PM10 and the incidence of adverse respiratory symptoms and function. Indicatively, chronic O3 exposure has been associated with onset of asthma in children [187], lung cancer in non-smoking adults [188] as well as reduced lung function in young adults [189, 190]. NO2 and PM10 have also been correlated with decreased lung growth in children [191, 192], as well as respiratory distress symptoms in women [193] and children [194]. Further studies exist supporting an association between the aforementioned air pollutants and respiratory morbidity in children, utilizing traffic- related metrics [195-201]. There are several potential reasons why there is stronger evidence of adverse air pollution related effects in children compared to adults based on lifestyle and physiological differences. For example, children tend to spend more time engaging in outdoor activities, are more active, have a higher breathing and metabolic rate, and the lung development and immune sy...
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Related to Chronic Respiratory Effects

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  • Infectious Diseases The Employer and the Union desire to arrest the spread of infectious diseases in the nursing home. To achieve this objective, the Joint Health and Safety Committee may review and offer input into infection control programs and protocols including surveillance, outbreak control, isolation, precautions, worker education and training, and personal protective equipment. The Employer will provide training and ongoing education in communicable disease recognition, use of personal protective equipment, decontamination of equipment, and disposal of hazardous waste.

  • Infection Control Consistent with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline for Infection Control in Health Care Personnel, and University Policy 3364-109-EH-603, the parties agree that all bargaining unit employees who come in contact with patients in the hospital or ambulatory care clinics will need to be vaccinated against influenza when flu season begins each fall. The influenza vaccine will be offered to all health care workers, including pregnant women, before the influenza season, unless otherwise medically contraindicated or it compromises sincerely held religious beliefs.

  • Infectious Disease Where an employee produces documentary evidence that:

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  • Biological Samples If so specified in the Protocol, Institution and Principal Investigator may collect and provide to Sponsor or its designee Biological Samples (“Biological Samples”). 12.2.

  • Communicable Diseases (a) The Parties to this Agreement share a desire to prevent acquisition and transmission where employees may come into contact with a person and/or possessions of a person with a communicable disease.

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