Observations and Trends Sample Clauses

Observations and Trends. Air quality monitoring, emission inventory preparation, and photochemical modeling for the A/SM MSA have provided considerable insight into the nature of the region’s air quality situation. NOx emissions in the region are predominately from On-Road and Non-Road sources. Biogenics comprise the largest source of VOCs in the five-county area as a whole, but anthropogenic sources of VOCs dominate the urban areas where highest ozone concentrations occur. Studies also show that biogenic sources of VOCs in rural area do not contribute significantly (~1 ppb) to ozone formation unless high levels of NOx (either through transport or from rural sources) are also present.2 Highest ozone levels occur in August and September with wind patterns typically southwesterly to northerly in the morning or northeasterly to southeasterly in the afternoon. While elevated background levels from ozone transport contribute to ozone concentrations in the area, local sources make a significant enough contribution to produce high ozone levels and exceedances of the 8-hour standard in the A/SM MSA. Sensitivity modeling on the July 1995 episode with the 1995 base case inventory shows that ozone concentrations in the area around the Xxxxxxxxx monitor (CAMS 3) increase as NOx reductions are made until large amounts of NOx are reduced, while VOC reductions do reduce ozone concentrations in this area. The reverse is true at the Audubon monitor (CAMS 38) where NOx reductions are more effective than VOC reductions in lowering ozone levels. Precursor response studies with the 1995 base case inventory were conducted by UT Austin in February 2001 to determine how reductions in anthropogenic NOx emissions, VOC emissions, and a combination of NOx and VOC reductions affected peak ozone concentrations predicted by the photochemical model. The studies indicate that a combination of NOx and VOC reductions were more effective than NOx or VOC reductions applied separately. Additional precursor response studies were conducted using the projected 2007 future case from the July, 1995 episode. These studies reduced NOx and VOC emissions from point sources, area/non-road sources, and on-road sources by 22.5 tons per year each. Reductions in mobile (on-road and non-road) sources with reductions in area source emissions appear to be more effective than reductions in point sources. In addition, on all days of the episode, NOx and NOx/VOC reductions between 25% and 35% produced peak predicted 8-hour average ozone ...
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