An Introduction to Proteins, the Proteome and Proteomics Sample Clauses

An Introduction to Proteins, the Proteome and Proteomics. The word protein is derived from the Greek word prˆotos, meaning primary or first rank of importance. As its name implies, proteins perform and regulate a number of vital tasks in all organisms, from regulating the cellular machinery to determining the phenotype. Examples of proteins include whole classes of important molecules: among them enzymes, hormones, and antibodies. There are an estimated 20, 000 ∼ 25, 000 genes in the human genome. These genes possibly code for as many as one million proteins. This great variety in the number and types of proteins comes from a phenomenon known as alternative splicing, where by a particular gene in a cell’s DNA can create multiple protein types, based on the demands of the cell at a given time. The term proteome, a portmanteau of proteins and genome, refers to the entire complement of proteins expressed by a genome, cell tissue or organism. It is larger and in many ways a more complicated entity than the genome. More importantly, unlike an organism’s genome which is more or less constant, the proteome regularly differs among individuals, cell types, and within the same cell depending on cell activity, disease, or external stimuli. Proteomics is the study of the proteome. It was defined by Xxxx Xxxxxxx in 1994 as ”the study of proteins, how they’re modified, when and where they’re expressed, how they’re involved in metabolic pathways and how they interact with one another”. In the past, the determination of the set of proteins produced in a cell was done by mRNA analysis. However, it is now known that mRNA is not always translated into protein, and that there is an insufficient correlation between mRNA and protein abundance (Gygi et al., (1999)) [53]. Proteomics on the other hand, attempts to confirm the presence of the protein and provide a direct measure of its quantity present. The scope of proteomics studies have now evolved from simple biochemical analysis of single proteins to measurements of complex protein mixtures. In addition to protein expression studies, other key areas of proteomics include: the characterization of the 3-D structure of proteins, as illustrated by the 3-D crystalline structure of a protein shown in Figure 1.1, protein/protein and protein/DNA interactions, and the analysis of post-translational modifications. Figure 1.1: 3D crystalline structure of the yeast prion protein Ure2P.
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