Vagueness in the Literature Sample Clauses

Vagueness in the Literature. Overview‌ The vagueness literature is pretty vast, and so any overview is going to have to find a way to divide the literature into different kinds of approaches to particular problems. There is no single right way to make these divisions. Since our interest is in the semantic commitments that each account of vagueness makes, I will divide the literature up along semantic lines. In this section, I will give a broad, non-theory-specific overview of the different approaches to vagueness to be found in the literature. The position one adopts in the vagueness literature could be seen as the result of making a range of choices about semantic assumptions. Figure 1, below, gives a rough picture of how such choices can lead to a particular view. A glance at the tree reveals a clustering of theories based on common mothers. The first binary decision reveals two categories of theories. The daughters of node [1] are based on a classical conception of a proposition (as something like a function from indices to Boolean truth values). The daughters of [0] adopt a non-classical account of propositions. The binary decision at node [1] marks a division within classical proposition accounts. The daughters of [11] explain the meanings of sentences/utterances con- taining vague expressions using a single classical proposition. Whereas, the daughters of [10] appeal to multiple propositions. These divisions carve out three groups of accounts of vagueness that I will give examples of. In order of discussion they are: (i) terminal daughters of [11]. (ii) terminal daughters of [10]. (iii) terminal daughters of [0]. Our first category (daughters of [11], bottom left cluster) contains theor- Are propositions classical? Y es No [1] Are meanings single propositions? [0] Are propositions truth functional? Y es No Y es No [11] Do sharp boundaries exist? [10] Inderterminate which proposition Y es No expressed? [01] Y es No Fuzzy Logic/ Fuzzy Epist./ Verities? [00] Pure Probability Theories/ Verities? [111] Boundary locations VAGUENESS unknowable? Verities? [101] Can expressions be true/false? [100] Are multiple expressions supervaluated? Y es No Y es No Y es No Epistemicism/ Contextualism [1110] Logical Contextualism [1011] Plurival- uationism [1010] Nihilism [1001] Superval- uationism/ [1000] Bayesian Epistemic CHAPTER 1.
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Vagueness in the Literature. Epistemicism‌ Epistemicism, according to one of its main proponents Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxxx, has it’s roots in classical Greek Stoicism. As a philosophical treatment of vagueness it saw a re-emergence that started in the late eighties with the work of Xxx Xxxxxxxx (Xxxxxxxx 1988), (Xxxxxxxx 2001), but it became a tour de force in the 90s with Xxxxxxxxxx’x seminal book, Xxxxxxxxx (Xxxxxxxxxx 1994). Epistemicism should not be characterised as the position that vagueness is an epistemic (as opposed to a semantic) phenomenon. As suggested in §1.2.2, it is possible to defend an epistemic approach to vagueness that is not epistemicist. It is better to view epistemicism via the claim that the unacceptability of sharp boundaries for vague terms can be explained as the (necessary) ignorance of those boundaries. Epistemicists present a dilemma of two seemingly unacceptable options: Accept that vague predicates have sharp boundaries, or cease using classical logic in formal semantics to model meaning and reasoning in natural languages. Epistemicism opts for the former. In their favour, Xxxxxxxxxx and Xxxxxxxx seem to share the suspicion detailed above that Sorites arguments should not be (mis)used to motivate far-reaching conclusions about semantics. As a result, they defend a 7Notice that this is not a claim about logic. As we shall see, being non-classical with relation to meaning and truth does not mean that one must deny any theorem of classical logic. traditional stance towards truth and meaning. This leads them to find explanations of vagueness in an epistemic domain. In the next few chapters, I will consider the merits of this traditional stance on independent grounds.
Vagueness in the Literature. Degree Theories‌ A plausible idea was mentioned at the end of the last section: Expressions like ‘green’ have something to do with the colour properties that things have. However, the colours of some things are hard to define. We have devices in natural languages to cope with phenomena like this. For example, in English, adjectives can be suffixed with ‘-ish’ to indicate that something is not exactly some way or another.42 Add to this that, as well as being more or less green, something can be more or less green than something else, and another natural sounding idea presents itself: Perhaps the meanings of such terms should be represented in terms of degrees.

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