Measurement of forearm blood flow Sample Clauses

Measurement of forearm blood flow. Venous occlusion plethysmography Venous Occlusion Plethysmography is a well-established method of determining Forearm Blood Flow (FBF)[190]. The utility of this measure is in the relation of FBF to resistance arteriolar tone, as will be described below.‌ Xxxxx-Xxxxxxxxxx’s law describes the relationship between (laminar) blood flow and vessel radius: Equation 15 𝑄 = 𝑃𝑑. π. 𝑟4 8μ𝑙 Where Q = laminar flow, Pd = pressure difference, r = radius of vessel, l = vessel length, and μ represents a coefficient of fluid viscosity. The principle of Venous Occlusion Plethysmography is that, if venous return from the forearm is prevented, the subsequent increase in blood volume within the compartment is proportional to the rate of arterial blood inflow[191]. Changes in circumference of the forearm, which represent the increase in volume and therefore FBF, can be made using mercury-in-silastic strain gauges[190, 192]. To obtain as accurate as possible picture of the blood flow within the resistance arterioles of the forearm compartment, it is important to exclude hand blood flow, for two key reasons. Firstly, under resting conditions, 60-70% of the blood flow within the forearm compartment represents blood flow within skeletal muscle[190, 192], with the remainder representing blood flow within the skin. Within the hand, a much higher proportion represents skin blood flow. Therefore, by excluding hand blood flow, the proportion of studied blood flow within skeletal muscle is higher[193]. Secondly, the hand compartment contains a greater number of arteriovenous shunts than the forearm compartment. Description of method‌ The volunteer is asked to lie flat. The arms are positioned on cushions to ensure the forearm is above the level of the heart; this is to ensure the forearm veins are not fully distended. Blood pressure cuffs are placed above the elbows (‘upper arm cuffs’) to allow for occlusion of venous return without arterial occlusion when the cuffs are inflated to 40mmHg. Blood pressure cuffs are placed at the wrists to allow for exclusion of hand blood flow when the cuffs are inflated to ~180mmHg. A blood pressure cuff is placed around the upper arm of the control arm to allow for non-invasive measurement of systemic blood pressure. Mercury-in-silastic strain gauges are placed around the forearm. The volunteer lies flat for 30 minutes before measurements are taken. The wrist cuffs are inflated to 180mmHg, 1 minute prior to measurement, to allow for stabilisation o...
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