Highly dynamic patterns of opioid use Sample Clauses

Highly dynamic patterns of opioid use. In 2017, the US President declared a national opioid emergency caused by drastic increases in opioid use and overdose over the past two decades (Gostin, Hodge, & Xxx, 2017). Between 2002 and 2011, an estimated 25 million people initiated NMPO use and in 2014 alone, 10.3 million people reported NMPO use (Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, 2015; Manchikanti, Helm, Janata, Pampati, & Xxxxxx, 2012). Problem PO use also increased 81% from 1992 to 2003 while the population size only increased by 14% (Manchikanti, 2007). The prevalence of opioid use disorders grew 50% from 2003-2013 (Han, Xxxxxxx, Xxxxx, & Xxx, 0000). Negative outcomes related to NMPO use also increased nationally. Emergency department visits related to NMPO use increased 138% between 2004 and 2011 and the rate of opioid-related overdoses more than quadrupled from 1999 to 2016 (Hedegaard, Warner, & Miniño, 2018; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration, 2011). By 2012, deaths involving opioids were more prevalent than motor vehicle-related death rates in many states, a historical first in the US (Xxxxxxx et al., 2012; Warner, Chen, & Makuc, 2009).
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