Cadmium. Customer will provide Contractor with the total cadmium (Cd) concentration of the residuals in milligrams per kilograms (mg/kg) dry weight with the frequency required by Laws.
Cadmium. Cadmium plated or coated material shall not be used unless no technically acceptable substitute is available.
Cadmium. Cadmium can be found in the earth’s crust, manure, tobacco products and pesticide formulations. It is a lustrous, silver-white, malleable metal that can be cut with knife but tarnishes in air. Cadmium is used mainly for pigments, coatings and plating, and as stabilizers for plastics. It can be used as metal coating protection against sea to improve the metal’s corrosive resistance. Cadmium is released into the air through forest fires, released into water through weathering of rocks and some is released through human activities such as smoking, outdoor burning, and fertilizer. Cadmium uptake can occur through food such as mushrooms, liver, shellfish, cocoa powder, and seaweed. Another pathway that induces a significant cadmium concentration in the environment is smoking. People who breathe in cadmium can severely damage their lungs. When cadmium contaminates soil, it can be extremely dangerous due to the uptake through food. In water cadmium can bioaccumulate in shellfish and fish. However salt-water organisms are more resistant to cadmium poisoning than freshwater organisms. (Lenntech, n.d.).
Cadmium. Health effects that can be caused by cadmium are stomach pains, severe vomiting, and diarrhea, bone fracture, reproductive failure and possibly infertility, central nervous system and immune system damages, possible DNA damage or cancer development, and psychological disorders. Cadmium levels in the atmosphere are significantly higher when people smoke. (Lenntech, n.d.) Through inhalation, cadmium is transported into the lungs and then throughout the body through blood. Depending on the particle size, about 10 – 50 percent of the inhaled dose is absorbed. Cadmium exposure can derive from food through ingestion passes through the gastrointestinal tract. Most orally ingested cadmium, individuals absorb about 6 percent of ingested cadmium, in those with iron deficiency, maybe absorbed up to 9 percent. Cadmium, specifically in drinking water (5 percent) is more easily absorbed than food (2.5 percent). Dermal absorption of cadmium is not a significant route of exposure, about 0.5 percent can be absorbed through the skin. (ASTDR, 1999). The effects of cadmium exposure through multiple routes can increase by existing levels in the body and additional daily uptake. Through blood circulation, cadmium is transported to the liver and then kidneys. Cadmium can damage kidney filtering mechanisms and further kidney damage. In humans, cadmium has a biological half-life in kidneys of 6 – 38 years and 4 – 19 years in liver. (ATSDR, 1999). The cadmium biological half-life of the urinary cadmium concentration has about 13.6 (9.0 – 28.2 years) and for creatinine-adjusted urinary cadmium there were about 14.2 years (11.2 – 19.4 years). (Suwazono, et. al, 2009). It takes accumulated cadmium in kidneys a very long time to be excreted from body.
Cadmium. Aside from a large spike on 9/26/12, cadmium concentrations in the influent AMD remained relatively stable for the duration of the project and averaging 19.5±6 μg/L Cd2+ (Figure 31). Reactor 1 (LS) effluent Cd was removed at varying degrees of success with no appreciable net release of cadmium as observed for both nickel and zinc. Overall an average of 14.3±3 μg/L Cd was documented from the effluent of R1 (LS) corresponding to an average of 27% cadmium removal. As for the bioreactors (R2-R6), cadmium levels had reach values below the detection limit (LOD = 3 μg/L) a month after the experiment began. Additionally cadmium concentrations remained below 5 μg/L with most samples containing no detectable cadmium for the throughout the rest of the experiment. 0.05 Dissolved Cadmium (mg/L) 0.045 0.04 0.035 0.03 0.025 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.005 0 Influent Reactor 1 (LS) Reactor 2 (10:90) Reactor 3 (30:70) Reactor 4 (50:50) Reactor 5 (70:30) Reactor 6 (90:10) Sampling Date Figure 31: Influent AMD and reactor effluent (R1-R6) cadmium concentrations (mg/L Cd2+) determined for each sampling event.
Cadmium. Cadmium is primarily known as being nephrotoxic but has demonstrated neurotoxic effects. Increased exposure to cadmium in utero can lead to neurobehavioral alterations, including decreased exploratory motor activity and avoidance acquisition (ATSDR 2012). There is not any sufficient evidence demonstrating health benefits to cadmium in the human body (Nyanza 2014). Associations between maternal cadmium during pregnancy and lower visual IQ (VIQ), performance IQ (PIQ) and full scale IQ (FSIQ) have been demonstrated, with childhood cadmium exposure being somewhat less influential than maternal exposure during pregnancy for VIQ. Sex differences in the health effects of exposure have been seen in particular with females with childhood IQ, especially PIQ. In females, head circumference was inversely associated with maternal cadmium exposure (X. Xxxxxxx 2013). Co-exposure with other heavy metals, such as lead, can lead to greater adverse health effects. Studies in children have demonstrated that in utero exposure to cadmium is associated with mental retardation, decreased verbal IQ, lower neuropsychological testing performance, learning disability, poor reading performance, neurophysiological evoked potential differences, and behavioral problems (Xxxxxxxxxx 2012). Lead Lead is able to cross the placenta and can be found in breast milk. It can cross the placenta through passive diffusion. The developing fetus can also be exposed to lead through bone development. Lead can accumulate in the body over time, where it is stored in bones along with calcium. During pregnancy, lead is released from bones as maternal calcium and is used to help form the bones of the developing fetus (ATSDR). The greatest concern of long-term exposure to lead is neurodevelopment alterations in children following prenatal and/or postnatal exposure. Inhalation is the most common route of exposure among workers in industries where lead is involved (ATSDR). Exposure to lead in utero can affect both the developing fetus and health outcomes manifested during childhood. During pregnancy, lead exposure can lead to reduced growth of the fetus and premature birth. In children, lead can lead to behavioral and learning problems, lower IQ and hyperactivity, slowed growth, hearing problems, and anemia (EPA 2014).
